我国刑事司法鉴定差错的法律控制

发布时间：2018-07-29 11:01

【摘要】： 司法鉴定是司法活动顺利进行的重要保障,也是诉讼制度、证据制度不可缺少的组成部分。司法鉴定本身是技术性和规范性很强的活动,也是容易出错的活动。鉴定的各个环节均存在可能致错的因素,一旦某一环节存在问题,就有可能导致鉴定结论错误,且普通人难以发现,酿成错案也难以纠正；同时,科技本身并非是完全确定、毫无争议的,再加上鉴定人的水平、能力和职业操守等问题,因此,现实中司法鉴定出错不少。目前,我国刑事诉讼法和证据法学界对司法鉴定错误的研究,还停留在个案研究及现象描述层面,虽然其中不乏真知灼见,但仍未能跟上司法实践的需要。司法实务界也在积极探索避免或者减少司法鉴定错误的各种对策,但是,由于受检材提取与保全措施、质证程序、鉴定方法、鉴定技术设备等客观因素的影响,以及鉴定人业务水平、工作能力、责任心等主观因素的影响,鉴定意见的科学性和准确性往往得不到保障,面对一再出现的鉴定错误,司法机关也似乎束手无策。这种错误的产生显然背离了刑事鉴定制度设计的初衷,不仅损害了鉴定结论和司法裁判二者的公信力,浪费了社会资源,而且可能制造新的不平等、不正义。笔者对国内外一些典型的鉴定差错资料进行了分析和思考,对司法鉴定实践中的差错产生的规律进行了梳理概括,剖析了鉴定差错出现的主客观原因。其中,主观原因主要是鉴定人故意作虚假鉴定；客观原因主要包括检材提取与保全的程序缺陷、当事人鉴定程序参与权的缺失、鉴定结论质证程序的虚置及鉴定机构计量认证体系的缺失,等等。笔者提出了预防鉴定差错发生的相应对策,如建立检材提取与保全措施、赋予当事人鉴定程序参与权、完善我国刑事鉴定结论质证程序、构建鉴定机构计量认证体系。最后,笔者对完善刑事司法鉴定人的法律责任制度提出了参考意见。
[Abstract]:Judicial expertise is not only an important guarantee for the smooth progress of judicial activities, but also an indispensable part of the system of litigation and evidence. Forensic expertise itself is a strong technical and normative activities, but also error-prone activities. There are possible factors that cause errors in every link of the appraisal. Once there is a problem in one link, it may lead to the wrong conclusion of the appraisal, and it is difficult for ordinary people to find out, and it is difficult to correct the wrong case. At the same time, the technology itself is not completely certain. There is no dispute, coupled with the level of experts, ability and professional integrity and other issues, therefore, a lot of errors in the reality of forensic expertise. At present, the research on judicial identification errors in the field of criminal procedure law and evidence law in our country is still in the aspect of case study and phenomenon description. Although there are some insightful opinions among them, they still fail to keep up with the needs of judicial practice. Judicial practice circles are also actively exploring various measures to avoid or reduce errors in judicial expertise. However, due to objective factors such as material extraction and preservation measures, cross-examination procedures, identification methods, identification technology and equipment, etc., With the influence of subjective factors, such as the professional level, working ability, responsibility and so on, the scientific nature and accuracy of the appraisal opinions are often not guaranteed. In the face of repeated identification errors, the judicial organs seem to be helpless. This kind of mistake obviously deviates from the original intention of the criminal appraisal system design, which not only damages the credibility of the appraisal conclusion and the judicial judgment, but also wastes the social resources, and may create new inequality and injustice. The author analyzes and ponders some typical identification error data at home and abroad, combs and generalizes the rules of errors in the practice of judicial expertise, and analyzes the subjective and objective reasons for the occurrence of identification errors. Among them, the subjective reason is that the appraiser intentionally makes false appraisal, the objective reason mainly includes the procedural defect of material extraction and preservation, the absence of the parties' right to participate in the appraisal procedure, The conclusion is that the procedure of cross-examination and the absence of metrological certification system of appraisal institution, and so on. The author puts forward the corresponding countermeasures to prevent the identification errors, such as establishing the measures of material extraction and preservation, endowing the parties with the right to participate in the appraisal procedure, perfecting the cross-examination procedure of the criminal appraisal conclusion in our country, and constructing the measurement and certification system of the appraisal institution. Finally, the author puts forward some suggestions to perfect the legal liability system of criminal judicial connoisseurs.
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D918.9;D925.2

【参考文献】