劳动教养制度的废止与替代

发布时间：2018-08-23 20:30

【摘要】：劳动教养制度是颇具中国特色的一种法律制度。50多年来,劳动教养制度为维护社会稳定、人民安居乐业、打击违法活动和轻微犯罪保障社会主义现代化建设顺利进行方面作出了突出贡献,特别是在打击黑恶势力、毒品犯罪、邪教组织和黄赌毒违法犯罪、维护社会治安、预防和减少犯罪中发挥了积极的作用。一直以来,学术界和司法实务部门对劳动教养的性质存在不同的认识,加之这一制度本身存在诸多缺陷,对其争议颇大,观点各异。自1987年以来,随着劳动教养立法列人国家立法议程,关于劳动教养制度是存是废的争论也达到了顶峰。应当看到,现存的劳动教养制度已经失去了上位法的规范支持,但它在我国社会中依然运作并发挥着作用,这一现象与我国进行法治建设的步调是不合拍的,关键是我们要建构一种制度,既能保留和发挥劳教制度的积极作用,同时又符合法治化的要求,才能使这一不正常的现象得到根本的改变。本文共分五章对我国劳动教养制度展开研究,在概括我国现行劳动教养制度的特征以及性质,梳理和分析劳动教养制度产生演变的历史以及当前面临的困境后,对学术界关于劳动教养存废争论的不同理由点进行归纳分析,并在评价两种截然相反观点的基础上,提出替代现行劳动教养的制度构想——治安管制制度。第一章:劳动教养制度概述。劳动教养是指行政机关对严重违反治安管理法规,屡教不改,或有轻微犯罪行为但尚不够刑事处罚条件且有劳动能力,放在社会上又会造成危害的人采取的,以限制人身自由为内容,实行强制性教育改造,以维护社会治安,预防和减少犯罪的处罚措施。随着我国政治、经济的不断发展和社会治安状况的变化,我国劳动教养的性质经历了一个较长时间的发展和演变过程。立足于现实的角度,从实际的效果审视劳动教养制度,我们不难看出劳动教养比我国刑法中规定的管制、拘役和短期自由刑还要严厉。从法治的视角来审视,我国当前的劳动教养是一种违反法治的“刑罚”,是一种“法外之刑”。第二章:劳动教养制度的历史演进。我国的劳动教养制度的产生最初是基于建国初期政治斗争的需要,之后,从“肃反”运动开始,到中共中央发布《关于各省市应立即筹办劳动教养机构的指示》,再到国务院公布的《关于劳动教养问题的决定》、《关于劳动教养问题的补充规定》、《劳动教养试行办法》等,一系列法律法规不断出台并在实践中不断地探索,逐步形成了一个体系,从而实现了劳动教养制度从政治性向法律性的转变。整个历史演进过程可分为政治性运作时期、从政治性向法律性的转变、法制化构建三个阶段。第三章:劳动教养制度面临的困境。随着我国政治、经济、文化等方面的发展变化,特别是“依法治国”方略的确立和宪法对人权保护的日益重视以及以人为本的科学发展观的提出,劳动教养在多个方面都明显滞后于时代的要求,存在着诸多的问题,主要体现在:规范层面上的困境、与我国参加的国际人权公约的冲突、适用对象上的冲突、限制人身自由强度的倒错、缺乏有效监督与救济途径等五个方面。第四章:劳动教养制度的存废之争。劳动教养的合理性、公正性问题历来在学界存在不同看法,概括起来,主要有“保留论”、“废除论”二种观点。肯定者认为,劳动教养制度从过去到现在都是一种具有中国特色的制度,一直发挥着维护社会治安、保障着社会主义现代化建设的顺利进行的积极作用,在新的时期仍具有不可替代性;反对者则认为,经过五十多年的发展演变,劳动教养制度的性质和作用己与最初设计的初衷有了很大不同,批评劳动教养制度是一种侵犯人权的制度,己经失去了存在的法治基础。保留论者充分肯定劳动教养的积极的作用,但忽视了少数人的人权,其正义性必将受到质疑。废除论者看到了劳动教养的反法治性和非正义性,但没有能够找到一种很好的替代制度来填补废除劳动教养而带来的制度空缺,因而其观点并没有得到立法者的认可。第五章:以治安管制制度替代劳动教养的制度。我国现存的劳动教养制度之所以在缺乏规范基础的情况下依然运作,与其说是情感上的难以割舍,不如说是对其功利的普遍认同。关键是我们要建构一种制度,既能保留和发挥劳教制度的积极作用,又能合理解决保障人权维护社会秩序的平衡,符合法治化的要求,才能真正使这一不正常的现象得到根本的改变。自改革开放以来,我国在经济快速发展的前提下,保持了社会秩序基本稳定,这说明我们现行的制度体系从总体上说是符合社会发展要求的,并没有明显的制度缺失。劳动教养制度出现的问题是主要是相关制度间协调、配合的问题,需要的是调整与整合。沿着这一思路,笔者进行了一些探索,通过整合劳动教养和管制刑构想了一种替代现存劳动教养制度的行政处罚——治安管制制度。
[Abstract]:The reeducation-through-labor system is a kind of legal system with Chinese characteristics. Over the past 50 years, the system has made outstanding contributions to safeguarding social stability, people's living and working in peace and contentment, cracking down on illegal activities and minor crimes, and ensuring the smooth progress of socialist modernization, especially in cracking down on evil and evil forces, drug crimes, cult organizations and minor crimes. Illegal gambling and drug crimes play a positive role in maintaining public order and preventing and reducing crimes.
Since 1987, with the reform-through-labor legislation on the national legislative agenda, the debate on whether the system should be abolished or not has reached its peak. When we see that the existing reeducation-through-labor system has lost the normative support of the upper law, but it still operates and plays a role in our society. This phenomenon does not coincide with the pace of the construction of the rule of law in China. The key is that we should construct a system which can not only retain and play the positive role of the reeducation-through-labor system, but also conform to it. The requirement of rule of law can make this abnormal phenomenon fundamentally changed.
This article is divided into five chapters to study the system of reeducation-through-labor in China. After summarizing the characteristics and nature of the current system of reeducation-through-labor in China, combing and analyzing the history of the evolution of the system of reeducation-through-labor and the difficulties it is facing at present, this paper sums up and analyzes the different reasons for the controversy on the preservation and abolition of the system of reeducation-through-labor in the academic circle On the basis of a completely opposite viewpoint, this paper puts forward the idea of replacing the current system of reeducation-through-labor, namely, the public security control system.
Chapter 1: Overview of the Reeducation-through-labour system. It refers to the compulsory education and reform carried out by the administrative organs for those who seriously violate the laws and regulations governing public security, refrain from reforming their education, or commit minor crimes but are not qualified for criminal punishment and have the ability to work, which may cause harm to the society, taking restriction of personal freedom as the content and carrying out compulsory education and Reform in order to safeguard public security. The nature of Reeducation-through-labour has undergone a long period of development and evolution along with the continuous development of politics, economy and the change of social public order. From a realistic point of view, we can see that Reeducation-through-labour system is effective in practice. Rehabilitation through labor is a kind of "penalty" which violates the rule of law and a kind of "punishment outside the law".
Chapter Two: Historical Evolution of the Reeducation-through-Labor System. The emergence of the system was initially based on the needs of political struggle in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China. Then, from the "anti-revolutionary" movement to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, it issued the "Directive on Provinces and Municipalities Should Prepare Institutions for Reeducation-through-labor" and then to the " Decision >, < Supplementary Provisions on the Problem of Rehabilitation through Labor >, < Trial Measures for Rehabilitation through Labor > and so on, a series of laws and regulations have been promulgated and explored in practice, and a system has been gradually formed, thus realizing the transformation of the system of reeducation through labor from political to legal. The whole historical evolution process can be divided into political operation period, and from political operation period to legal operation period. The transformation from political nature to legality and three stages of legalization construction.
Chapter 3: The dilemma faced by the reeducation-through-labor system. With the development and change of China's politics, economy and culture, especially the establishment of the general plan of ruling the country according to law, the increasing attention paid by the Constitution to the protection of human rights and the proposition of the people-oriented scientific concept of development, reeducation-through-labor lags behind the requirements of the times in many aspects. Many problems are mainly reflected in the following five aspects: the dilemma at the normative level, the conflict with the international human rights conventions to which China is a party, the conflict on the object of application, the reversal of restricting the intensity of personal freedom, and the lack of effective supervision and relief channels.
Chapter Four: Disputes over the Rehabilitation-through-Labor System. The rationality and fairness of reeducation-through-labor have always been different views in the academic circles. Generally speaking, there are mainly two viewpoints: reservation theory and abolition theory. Social security, guaranteeing the smooth progress of socialist modernization, still has an irreplaceable positive role in the new period; opponents believe that, after more than 50 years of development and evolution, the nature and role of the reeducation-through-labor system has been very different from the original design, criticizing the reeducation-through-labor system is an infringement. The system of rights has lost its legal basis. Reservationists fully affirm the positive role of reeducation through labor, but ignore the human rights of minorities, and their justice will be questioned. Abolitionists see the anti-legal and unjust nature of reeducation through labor, but they can not find a good alternative system to fill the abolition of labor. The system vacancy caused by reeducation has not been approved by legislators.
Chapter Five: Replacing the system of reeducation-through-labor with the system of public security control. The reason why the existing system of reeducation-through-labor still operates in the absence of a normative basis is not so much emotional difficulty as a general recognition of its utility. The key is to construct a system that can both preserve and give full play to the system of reeducation-through-labor. Since the reform and opening up, China has maintained the basic stability of social order on the premise of rapid economic development, which shows that our current system is from the overall perspective. It is in line with the requirements of social development, and there is no obvious lack of system. The problems in the reeducation-through-labor system are mainly the problems of coordination and coordination among the relevant systems, and the adjustment and integration are needed. Along this line of thought, the author has made some explorations and conceived a substitute for the existing reeducation-through-labor system by integrating the reeducation-through-labor system with the control penalty. The administrative penalty of the maintenance system - the public order control system.
【学位授予单位】：中南民族大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D926.8

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