犯罪工具的认定和处理

发布时间：2018-11-08 14:00

【摘要】：犯罪工具是指犯罪分子有意识地选择对其实行行为或者犯罪成立起重大作用的财物。犯罪工具不同于违法所得和违禁品。违法所得是指被告人因实施犯罪活动,而取得的全部钱或物等。如抢劫所得的金钱或者物品,盗窃和诈骗所得到的钱、物等;违禁品是指依据国家规定,公民不得私自留存、使用的物品。在犯罪工具的认定上,域外相关立法主要采取的是直接专门理论和促进理论。前者要求犯罪工具的使用与犯罪必须有直接关系,而且工具的选择是专门为犯罪而准备和使用的;后者要求认定犯罪过程中出现的财物是否为犯罪工具必须对该财物是否与犯罪活动有足够的联系或者密切联系。在我国刑法学界,对犯罪工具的认定主要应当坚持犯罪性原则、紧密联系性原则和功能性原则。对于没收犯罪工具的性质,我国刑法理论上主要存在强制措施说、刑罚说、保安处分说、独立的刑事实体处分措施说等学说。把没收犯罪工具界定为强制措施、刑罚或者保安处分均存在理论上的瑕疵,界定为独立的刑事实体处分措施比较合理。没收犯罪工具应坚持比例性原则和第三人利益保护原则。前者要求在没收犯罪工具时应考虑到犯罪的危害程度与犯罪工具价值之间的比例关系;后者要求在没收犯罪工具中应注意保护第三人的合法利益。我国犯罪工具没收保全程序的法律规定过简要,不仅司法机关操作空间过大,而且未明确保管犯罪工具的具体部门。针对这两个问题,不仅应当建立司法审查制度,而且应明确查封、扣押和冻结犯罪工具等涉案财物的具体标准,同时应当设立统一涉案财物保管中心。对于犯罪工具的处理如有异议,应建立专门的救济途径。应当针对侦查、起诉和审判等不同诉讼环节建立相应的救济措施。如果办案机关作出没收犯罪工具的行为错误,从而给当事人带来损失,可以选择依据《中国人民共和国国家赔偿法》的规定提出国家赔偿。
[Abstract]:Criminal instrumentalities refer to the property that criminals consciously choose to act or commit crimes. Instruments of crime are different from illegal gains and contraband. Illegal income refers to all the money or things acquired by the defendant as a result of criminal activities. Such as robbery of money or goods, theft and fraud of money, goods and so on; contraband refers to according to the provisions of the state, citizens are not allowed to retain, use of goods. In the cognizance of crime instrument, the foreign related legislation mainly adopts the direct special theory and the promotion theory. The former requires that the use of criminal instrumentalities must have a direct relationship with crime and that the choice of instruments is specifically prepared and used for the purpose of crime; The latter requires that whether or not the property appearing in the course of the crime is a criminal instrument must have sufficient or close connection with the criminal activity. In the field of criminal law of our country, we should insist on the principle of crime, the principle of close connection and the principle of function. With regard to the nature of the confiscation of criminal instruments, there are mainly theories in the criminal law of our country, such as the theory of coercive measures, the theory of penalty, the theory of security measures, the theory of independent criminal entity measures, and so on. The confiscation of criminal instrument is defined as a coercive measure, and the penalty or security measure has theoretical defects, and it is more reasonable to define it as an independent criminal entity punishment measure. Confiscation of criminal instruments should adhere to the principle of proportionality and the protection of the interests of third parties. The former requires that the proportional relationship between the degree of harm of the crime and the value of the instrument should be taken into account when confiscating the criminal instrument, while the latter requires that attention should be paid to the protection of the legitimate interests of the third party in the confiscation of the criminal instrument. The legal provisions on the procedure of confiscation and preservation of criminal instrumentalities in our country are too brief, not only the operation space of judicial organs is too large, but also the specific department of custody of criminal instrumentalities is not clearly defined. In view of these two problems, we should not only establish the system of judicial review, but also make clear the specific standards for the seizure, seizure and freezing of criminal instrumentalities, and set up a unified custody center for the property involved in the case. If there are objections to the handling of criminal instrumentalities, a special remedy should be established. Corresponding relief measures should be established for different litigation links such as investigation, prosecution and trial. If the case handling organ makes the mistake of confiscating the criminal instrumentalities and thus brings losses to the parties, it may choose to propose the state compensation in accordance with the provisions of the State compensation Law of the people's Republic of China.
【学位授予单位】：河北大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D918.2

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