明清徽商的诉讼研究

发布时间：2018-04-23 22:27

本文选题：徽商 + 诉讼　；参考：《华东政法大学》2009年博士论文

【摘要】：徽学素来有着“商成帮,学成派”的美誉,徽商以及由此而产生的各种徽商文化现象,一直成为徽学学者研究徽州文化的关注重点。传统对徽商的研究方法局限于历史学、经济学和社会学的研究视角。从传统法律文化视角而言,中国古代的商人在长期“重农抑商”的基本国策下,处于非常特殊的社会地位,对古代商人社会地位和商人相关诉讼活动的研究,理所当然应该成为法律史学者重点关注的对象之一。本文力图将明清徽商置于“重农抑商”和“无讼”的传统法律文化的背景下,以法学(法律史)的研究方法来审视明清徽商的诉讼活动,尝试着在传统徽学研究领域里,开辟出以法律史学的视角研究徽商的一块新领域。第一章旨在“重农抑商”的传统法律文化背景下,分析历代统治者加强“抑商”立法的经济、政治、伦理文化的成因,审视“抑商”法律下商人社会地位的历史演变过程,得知除了春秋和两宋时期有过短暂的发展之外,商人一直处在被抑制的社会地位。第二章主要考察在明清时期,国家立法重归“重农抑商”的传统下,徽商之所以能够迅速崛起的法文化因素:徽商对官府理学思想的“理欲关系”改造,整合出“儒贾相通”的“新四民论”,为徽商的崛起提供了主观条件;随着社会商品经济的发展和对国家财政的依赖性越来越强,明清统治者加强一系列“恤商”的商业立法,为徽商崛起提供了客观条件;鉴于徽州地狭人稠,迫于生存压力,徽州宗族法不断完善,提供族产支持族内子弟经商,为徽商的崛起提供了社会条件。第三章探讨了在官方主流意识一再颂扬“无讼”的价值观下,因徽州地区社会价值观念的转变、民众法律意识的提高、宗族势力的大力支持、徽商群体的介入和讼师的教唆词讼等诸多因素,徽州却出现“好讼”之风,虽然徽州地区各级官府大力推行乡约,以德化民,设置各种诉讼障碍等一系列抑制诉讼的措施,并无良好的社会效果。第四章进一步分析了作为身处四民之末的特殊社会群体——徽商,敢于“好讼”的深层原因:一者国家相关法律制度的进一步完善,为徽商参与诉讼提供了法律依据;二者“贾而好儒”的徽商自身具有较强的法律意识;三者也是最主要是徽商不遗余力依附封建政治势力,依仗身后官府的“政治保护”。第五章和第六章具体介绍和分析徽商的各类诉讼活动。论者以现代法学的视角将其大致分为三种类型的诉讼:一类是徽商内部在经营过程中存在的利益之争而引起的诉讼;一类是客居他乡的徽商与当地民众的利益之争而引起的诉讼;一类是具有浓厚“官商”色彩的徽商对官府无力的抗争引起的诉讼。第五章主要介绍诉讼当事人处于平等法律地位的诉讼,徽商凭借雄厚的财力,屡屡涉讼不止。第六章主要介绍徽商与官之间引发的法律地位不平等的诉讼,尤其垄断两淮盐业的徽商遭到官府的肆意侵夺,此类诉讼充分说明了封建社会中商人低下的政治、经济、社会地位,也注定徽商为了保全身家而被迫不遗余力依附封建政治势力,最终沦为封建性商帮,不可避免走向衰败的悲剧性命运。可知徽商的“好讼”亦非本性,而是环境使然。第七章分析徽商不仅面对远途跋涉之劳、餐风露宿之苦、惊涛骇浪之险的“天灾”,还要面对来自社会上贪官污吏的肆意侵夺、众多诉讼缠身的“人祸”。在缺乏国家法律制度的有效保护下,惟有主动依附封建政治势力,锻造出徽商“好讼”性格,也不可避免地给徽商的发展带来三大弊害:经营活动的成本加大、公平竞争秩序的失落和加大经营之外的不确定风险。第八章运用中西比较的方法,回顾西方商人的发展历史,从宏观上比较中世纪商人和徽商两者诉讼存在的巨大差异,分析徽商和中世纪商人注定不同命运的法律根源。以史为鉴,最终通过对徽商诉讼的深入研究和比较分析徽商与中世纪商人不同诉讼注定不同命运的规律,希望能够为我国当今市场经济体制改革过程中,为立法者如何处理好“官”与“商”之间的和谐关系,提供正反两方面历史经验。
[Abstract]:Huizhou school has the reputation of "Shang Cheng Gang, academic school", Huizhou merchants and all kinds of Huizhou merchants cultural phenomenon, which have been the focus of the study of Huizhou culture. The traditional study method of Huizhou merchants is limited to the perspective of history, economics and sociology. Under the basic national policy of long term "heavy farming and restraining commerce", the businessman is in a very special social position. The research on the social status of the ancient merchants and the related litigation activities of businessmen should be one of the most important objects of attention of the scholars in the history of law. Under the background of law culture, the research method of law (Legal History) is used to examine the litigation activities of Huizhou merchants in Ming and Qing Dynasties, trying to open up a new field of the study of Huizhou merchants in the field of traditional EMBLEM study.
The first chapter, under the traditional legal culture background of "heavy farming and restraining commerce", analyzes the historical evolution process of the economic, political and ethical culture of the rulers of the successive dynasties, and examines the historical evolution process of the social status of businessmen under the law of "restraining commerce". It is found that the merchants have been in the period of the short development of the spring and autumn and the two song periods. The social status of restraining.
The second chapter mainly investigates the legal cultural factors that the Huizhou merchants can rapidly rise up under the tradition of "heavy farming and restraining commerce" in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The Huizhou merchants reformed the "relationship of reason and desire" to the government's theory of science and science, and integrated the "new four people theory" of "Confucianism and Confucianism", which provided the subjective conditions for the rise of Huizhou merchants; In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the rulers of the Ming and Qing Dynasties strengthened the commercial legislation of a series of "shirts", which provided the objective conditions for the rise of the Huizhou merchants. In view of the consistency of the narrow people in Huizhou and the pressure of survival, the clan law of Huizhou was constantly perfected, and the family members of the ethnic group were in business, providing a society for the rise of the Huizhou merchants. Conditions.
The third chapter discusses that under the value concept of "no litigation" in the official mainstream consciousness, because of the change of the social values in Huizhou, the improvement of the public's legal consciousness, the strong support of the clan forces, the intervention of the Huizhou merchants and the instigation of the lawsuit of the legal lawsuit, Huizhou has the wind of "litigious", although the Huizhou area is at all levels. The government has vigorously implemented the township agreements, and set up various measures to curb lawsuits, such as Dehua people, setting up various litigation obstacles.
The fourth chapter further analyzes the deep reasons of the special social group, Huizhou merchants, who are at the end of the four people. The further improvement of the relevant legal system of the state provides the legal basis for the Huizhou merchants to participate in the litigation; the two "Jia and good Confucianism" has strong legal consciousness, and the three are the most important. It is Hui merchants who spared no effort to cling to feudal political power and relied on the "political protection" of the government behind them.
The fifth and sixth chapters introduce and analyze the various litigation activities of Huizhou merchants, which are roughly divided into three types of litigation from the perspective of modern law: one is the lawsuit caused by the dispute of interest in the business process of Huizhou merchants, and the other is the lawsuit caused by the dispute between the Huizhou merchants and the local people. The fifth chapter mainly introduces the litigation of the litigants in the legal status of the litigants, and the Huizhou merchants rely on the abundant financial resources and repeatedly involved in the lawsuit. The sixth chapter mainly introduces the litigation of unequal legal status triggered by the Huizhou merchants and officials, especially the monopoly two. The huhuai merchants of the Huai salt industry were wanton invaded by the government. This kind of litigation fully explained the low political, economic and social status of the merchants in the feudal society. It also doomed Huizhou merchants to be forced to adhere to the feudal political forces and eventually become feudal commercial groups, which could not avoid the tragic fate of decline. The "litigious" is not the nature, but the environment.
The seventh chapter analyzes the Huizhou merchants not only to face the long journey, the hardships of the wind and night, the "natural disaster", but also the wanton invasion of the corrupt officials from the society, and the "human misfortune" which are entangled in many lawsuits. The character of "litigation" inevitably brings three major disadvantages to the development of Huizhou merchants: the increase in the cost of business activities, the loss of fair competition order and the uncertainty of the risk outside the operation of the business.
The eighth chapter uses the method of comparison between China and the west to review the history of the development of western merchants and compare the huge differences between the Medieval merchants and Huizhou merchants from the macro level, and analyze the legal origin of the different destinies of the Huizhou merchants and the Medieval merchants.
Taking history as a mirror, through the in-depth study and comparison of the Huizhou merchants' litigation, this paper analyzes the laws of different destinies that the Huizhou merchants and the Medieval merchants are doomed to different destinies. It is hoped that in the process of the reform of the current market economy system in our country, it will provide two historical experiences for the lawmakers to deal with the harmonious relationship between the "official" and "business".

【学位授予单位】：华东政法大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：D929

【引证文献】