日本环境诉讼制度研究

发布时间：2018-05-03 17:24

本文选题：日本 + 环境诉讼　；参考：《河北大学》2009年硕士论文

【摘要】：日本环境诉讼制度基本上分为行政诉讼制度和民事诉讼制度两大部分,在过去的环境二元立法体制之下,学者们多从环境保护诉讼和公害诉讼两个角度来研究,现在趋于统一。其发展过程可以分为公害诉讼期、环境保护诉讼期、环境权诉讼期三个阶段,严重的公害问题、法律群体和社会各界的广泛参与和美国的影响促成了其发展完善。日本环境诉讼制度具有公益性、超前性、复杂性等特点,在日本的社会生活中起着重要的作用。日本环境民事诉讼制度中,最具特色的是其原告适格、诉讼请求、证明责任减轻制度。适格的原告是提起诉讼的前提,围绕这一问题,日本有纷争管理权说、任意担当说、选定拟制说等理论。诉讼请求的范围是法院审理的范围,在实践中形成了包括一律请求、差止请求、将来请求等模式。证明责任问题是确定案件胜负的关键,裁判所创立了盖然性说、疫学因果关系说、间接反证法等减轻受害人证明责任的方法。日本环境行政诉讼主要表现为取消诉讼、科以义务的诉讼、居民诉讼、国家赔偿诉讼等形式,最能体现环境行政诉讼制度的特点的是取消诉讼,同时他也是日本被利用最多的环境行政诉讼形式,所以,本文重点介绍了取消诉讼。日本取消诉讼中,分为要件审查和实体审查两部分,要件审查主要审查原告的起诉是不是符合起诉的条件,主要包括被诉的行政行为是否具备处分性,原告是否适格,与诉讼是否存在利益关系。实体审查中主要审查其认定事实和使用法律的正确性。最能体现行政诉讼特征的是对裁量行为的审查,日本行政诉讼的原则也是合法性审查,但是当行政机关的行为明显超越裁量权时,裁判所适用《行政事件诉讼法》第30条的规定,以该行政行为滥用职权为由予以取消。针对我国环境诉讼中存在的问题,完善我国的环境诉讼制度,通过研究日本环境诉讼制度能够带给我们的启示主要包括,进一步扩大原告的范围,完善诉讼请求制度,落实举证责任倒置形成的原告证明责任减轻的具体措施,拓宽行政诉讼的受案范围。
[Abstract]:Japan's environmental litigation system is basically divided into two parts: administrative litigation system and civil litigation system. In the past, under the dual environmental legislation system, scholars mostly studied from two angles of environmental protection litigation and pollution litigation, and now they tend to be unified. Its development process can be divided into three stages: public hazard litigation period, environmental protection litigation period, environmental right litigation period, serious public hazard problems, the extensive participation of legal groups and all walks of life and the influence of the United States to promote its development and perfection. Japanese environmental litigation system has the characteristics of public welfare, advance and complexity, and plays an important role in Japanese social life. In Japan's environmental civil litigation system, the most characteristic is its plaintiff's qualification, litigation request, burden of proof mitigation system. The suitably plaintiff is the premise of bringing a lawsuit. Around this issue, Japan has theories such as dispute management right theory, arbitrary assumption theory, selected fictitious theory, and so on. The scope of litigation request is the scope of court hearing. In practice, it forms a pattern of uniform motion, difference request, future request and so on. The problem of burden of proof is the key to determine the success or failure of the case. The referee has established the theory of inevitability, the theory of causality of epidemic science, the method of indirect counter-proof, and so on, which can reduce the burden of proof of the victim. Japan's environmental administrative litigation is mainly manifested in the cancellation of litigation. In the form of compulsory litigation, residents' action, and state compensation action, the most characteristic of the environmental administrative litigation system is the cancellation action. At the same time, he is also the most used form of environmental administrative litigation in Japan. In Japan's cancellation lawsuit, it is divided into two parts: the examination of elements and the examination of entity. The examination of the elements mainly examines whether the plaintiff's suit meets the conditions of prosecution, mainly including whether the administrative act of the accused has the nature of disposition, and whether the plaintiff is fit for the case. Whether or not there is an interest in litigation. In the entity examination, it mainly reviews the correctness of the facts and the use of the law. What most embodies the characteristics of administrative litigation is the examination of discretion. The principle of Japanese administrative litigation is also legality review. However, when the administrative organs' actions obviously exceed the discretion, The provisions of Article 30 of the Administrative incident procedure Law applied by the referee were cancelled on the grounds of the abuse of power by the administrative act. In view of the problems existing in the environmental litigation in our country, to perfect the environmental litigation system of our country, by studying the environmental litigation system in Japan, the enlightenment that can bring us mainly includes, further expanding the scope of the plaintiff, perfecting the system of litigation request. Carry out the concrete measures to lighten the burden of proof of the plaintiff formed by the inversion of the burden of proof, and widen the scope of accepting cases in administrative litigation.
【学位授予单位】：河北大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：D931.3;DD912.6;DD915

【引证文献】