社会、政治与法律：中国律师的行动逻辑与社会角色

发布时间：2018-01-21 07:46

本文关键词： 公益律师法律法治 Cause lawyer 中国　出处：《华东师范大学》2017年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：伴随着当代社会的转型,法律地位的变化使得重新定义司法规则和公民之间的关系成为可能。这一表现是现代民主制度实现的重要参考。在法律的社会地位和社会表征之间,法律从业者占据了重要的位置,尤其是律师群体,在法律和社会之间建构了一种可以交换资源的平台和纽带。他们成为政治活动的重要参与者。在这一类型的活动中,法律从业者所拥有的司法资源成为十分重要的能力,如大案律师(Cause Lawyer)的研究思潮就是这种研究取向的重要表达,积极投入社会活动的律师群体,其背后动机也集中在此。与全球化过程中所观察到的致力于法律地位转型的研究形成呼应的是,这种新的司法系统,以及法律在社会控制中的角色地位,正在成为政治发展的重要参考系。西方的学者们正在尝试重新定义司法和法律的功能,以美国的法律人群体研究(legal profession)最为突出。在欧洲,受大陆法系的影响,法律政治社会学领域的学者,倾向将法律职业群体所表现出来的政治属性所具有的司法和法律的新角色和功能,称之为“政治的司法化”。对一些研究者来说,这是从立法和执法的研究角度转移到司法的研究角度,从而确保政治规则在其中占有一席之地。以律师群体为代表的法律人,在社会建构层面所具有的功能,不仅来自于其职业本身所具有法理型权威,也来自参与社会规则制定本身的策略与方式。在这二者之间,存在一种长久的张力——从上至下的绝对理性制造(Top-Down),以及从下至上的社会运动与社会转型(Bottom-up))。在西方社会,传统的司法世界赋予了法律一种特权,促使法律条文承担起形而上的绝对社会理性(law in book)。实际上,这一绝对理性的代表特权,忽略了或者说将社会自发产生的规则边缘化。社会的法律,这一概念源自社会本身,由社会制造,被社会激活,沉浸在社会当中。这一点在中国的律师群体中表现更为明显。受中国本土传统的广义“法律”概念的影响,律师群体所具有的职业伦理不仅受到西方绝对法理性的影响,也受到传统的中国司法文化与风俗的影响,律师的职业活动更多的表现为调节和非诉业务,以及这一类型职业活动所产生的社会规则——行动中的法(law in action)。而在传统的法理学领域,在长期的研究中,这一社会自身的法律是不被正式认可的。尤其是在社会公共利益领域,这一法律层面的紧张关系在政治层面,也产生了相应的政治秩序与之呼应:即由上而下的规则制定形式,和一种已经实践或未完成的由下而上的规则制定形式。具体表现在群体性事件中,如城市拆迁事件中或案件中,律师参与动拆迁也具有两种不同的模式:律师作为调解者,配合政府部门化解拆迁人与被拆迁人的矛盾;律师作为维权者,支持被拆迁人对拆迁人进行诉讼。参与的律师也具有明显的分类特征,受雇于政府的律师群体,以及作为社会自由职业者的律师群体,在参与方式的选择上具有很大的不同。本文所选取的社会公益律师,因此也具有多重含义,这一名词既包含政府律师,也包含社会律师。就起维护社会公益的功能来说,二者都具有一定的积极作用,然而由于其采取的具体措施有所不同,与西方法社会学领域所讨论的cause lawyer,存在明显的差别。Cause lawyer主要是通过社会化的行动策略,将法律领域的案件,变成社会领域的事件,其更加侧重于从上至下的模式。而中国的公益律师,则更多的表现为在体制内,或法律领域本身采取司法的策略,配合社会化的策略,从而将社会问题转变为司法问题进而解决。除此之外,这一论文的研究视角还反思了在全球化过程中所展现出来的西方中心主义的衰落,以及中国本土化研究路径所展示的特殊性。一方面,随着全球化的不断发展,强势经济运营者的权力压制策略得到全面认同。另一方面文明社会中的抵抗机制也在全球范围内得到传播。在西方中心主义的影响下,法律被看做是其强加规范体系给其他文化的重要工具,中国的律师群体一方面由于其与政治团体的紧密关系(律师事务所国有化以及文革中断)受到西方法律传统对其专业性的质疑。另一方面,律师在中国的兴起作为西方文化舶来品之一,从其诞生之初就受到传统中国法律文化——讼师的影响,这一影响,在律师群体高度市场化的发展状态下,滋生了商业化对社会正义的侵蚀。这两方面都构成了本文所展现出来转型期中国律师群体所具有的特殊性。
[Abstract]:Along with the transformation of contemporary society, change the legal status of the redefinition of the relationship between judicial rules and citizens as possible. This performance is an important reference to realize the modern democracy. Between social status and social representation of law, legal practitioners occupy an important position, especially in the legal community, between law and society the construction of the platform and link a can exchange resources. They become an important participant in political activity. In this type of activity, legal practitioners have judicial resources ability to become very important, such as major lawyer (Cause Lawyer) is the important expression of the trend of research orientation, actively involved in social activities the lawyers, the motives behind it also focus on this. With the globalization process observed in working on the legal status of the transformation form echo is this The judicial system, and the role of law in social control, is becoming an important reference system of political development. Western scholars are trying to redefine the judicial and legal functions, in order to study the legal person group in the United States (legal profession) is the most prominent. In Europe, the influence of continental law, field the law of political sociology scholars tend to new roles and functions of judicial and legal attribute of political legal occupation group is shown with the called "judicial" politics. For some researchers, which is transferred to the judicial research angle from the angle of legislation and law enforcement, and to ensure that the political rules in which the legal person occupies a space for one person. As a lawyer on behalf of the group, the level of social construction has the function, not only from the occupation itself has legal authority, but also from participation in society Strategies and methods of rules. In these two, there is a long - tension from top to bottom absolute rational manufacturing (Top-Down), as well as from the social movement and social transformation under the supremacy of the (Bottom-up)). In western society, the traditional judicial world given a legal privilege the law, assume absolute social rational metaphysical (Law in book). In fact, the absolute reason represents privilege, neglected or marginalized social rules will arise spontaneously. The laws of the society, the concept of the body from the social, the social manufacture, social activation, immersed in the society at this point in the China lawyer group is more obvious. Influenced by the generalized concept of "law" Chinese local traditional, with lawyers occupation ethics not only by the influence of Western absolute rational law, but also by the traditional Effect of judicial culture and customs, the lawyer's occupation activities more performance for the regulation and non litigation business, and this type of occupation activity generated by the social rule of law in action (Law in action). In the field of traditional jurisprudence, in long-term studies, the society itself is legal not being officially recognized. Especially in the field of social and public interests, the legal aspects of the tension at the political level, but also produced a corresponding political order with echo: and that is the way of making rules, and a bottom-up rule or practice has not completed the formulation of specific performance in the group. Events, such as city demolition events or cases, lawyers involved in the demolition also has two different modes: the lawyer as a mediator, cooperate with government departments to resolve the demolition and demolition contradictions; as a lawyer Right, support the demolition action of the demolition. In the lawyer also has the obvious characteristics of the classification, employed by the government lawyers, as well as the social freedom of occupation of lawyers, it is very different in the choice of the mode. This article selects the social public interest lawyers, it also has multiple meaning, the term includes government lawyers, but also includes social lawyers. On the maintenance of the social welfare function, have certain positive effect in two, but due to the specific measures taken are different, and the western law society study in the field of cause lawyer, there was obvious difference in.Cause is lawyer through social action strategies, the case will be in the field of law, the social field become more focused on the events, from top to bottom. China and public interest lawyers, more is within the system The field, or the law itself to take judicial strategy with social strategy, which will change the social problems and then solve the problem of justice. In addition, the research perspective of this thesis also reflects the decline shown in the process of globalization of the western centralism, and the particularity of the localization research shows China path on the one hand, with the development of globalization, the strong economic power to suppress the overall strategy of operator identity. On the other hand resistance mechanism in civilized society has been in the global scope of communication. In the impact of Western centrism under the law is regarded as the standard system to impose an important tool of other cultures, Chinese. The lawyers on one hand because of its close relationship with the political group (law firm nationalization and the Cultural Revolution by the western legal tradition interruption) questioned its professionalism. Another The lawyer, in the Chinese rise as one of the Western cultural imports from the beginning of its birth is affected by the traditional legal culture -- China Songshi this effect, in the development of state lawyers highly market-oriented, commercial breeds erosion of social justice. These two aspects constitute the show the special transition period of China lawyers.

【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D926.5

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