试论我国民事诉讼中调解与审判的关系

发布时间：2018-02-14 23:18

本文关键词： 调解审判调审关系调审合一调审分离　出处：《中国社会科学院研究生院》2012年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：调解作为一项民事纠纷解决机制，在我国可谓源远流长，调解素有“东方美誉”、“东方经验”之称。调解作为一种纠纷解决方式，在我国古代社会中发挥了无可替代的作用。本文所说的调解主要指法院调解，调解与审判的关系也主要指法院调解与审判的关系。我国的法院调解发源于革命根据地时期。建国初期，由于当时法律制度的不健全以及人们法律观念的局限，调解一度成为法院解决纠纷的主要手段。调解在民事诉讼纠纷的解决中发挥了重要作用。改革开放以后，随着我国法制建设的不断完善和人们法律观念的不断加强，以审判的方式解决民事纠纷逐渐受到重视。进入20世纪以来，随着案件数量的激增和对诉讼效率价值的追求，调解的价值再次受到重视。然而，我国法院的调解制度还不完善，特别是我国法院对调解与审判关系的认识上还存在不合理之处，这就导致了过度强调调解以及强制调解等现象的发生。如何正确认识我国调解与审判的关系，并对我国调解与审判的关系进行改革，使其成为民事诉讼中“一软一硬”的两种纠纷解决方式，共同发挥纠纷解决的作用，就成为我国目前民事诉讼改革所面对的首要问题。本文拟从以下六个方面对我国调解与审判的关系进行分析：首先，本文通过近几年出现的“调解复兴”现象和“100%调解”、“零判决”的现象，引出本文所要讨论的问题。“调解复兴”是我国进入21世纪以来，随着诉讼案件的增多和人们对诉讼效率价值的追求所发生的一种必然现象，是对我国调解价值的再次肯定。然而“调解热”所带来的“100%调解”、“零判决”等一系列片面追求调解率以及强制调解的现象却严重违背了调解的自愿与合法原则，违背了调解制度设计的初衷。所以我国的民事诉讼制度应当对调解与审判的关系进行改革，使其成为民事诉讼中“一软一硬”的两种纠纷解决方式，共同发挥纠纷解决的作用。其次，本文对我国从革命根据地时期到现在的调解与审判关系的历史变迁进行了分析。革命根据地时期的调审关系是调审结合，调解与审判不分，法官边调边判，其典型方式是“马锡五审判方式”。建国之后，我国调解与审判的关系经历了四个发展阶段：第一阶段是从新中国成立后到1982年《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法（试行）》颁布之前，这一时期我国调解与审判的关系表现为调解为主、审判为辅；第二阶段是从1982年《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法（试行）》颁布后到1991年正式颁布《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》之前，这一时期我国的调审关系表现为着重调解、审判补充；第三阶段是从1991年正式颁布《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》到2002年第18次全国法院工作会议的召开，这一时期我国的调审关系表现为自愿调解、调审并重；第四阶段是从2002年第18次全国法院工作会议的召开至今，此时我国的调审关系表现为调解复兴，判决旁落。最后总结出我国不同时期调审关系的共性是重调轻判，调审合一。第三，本文对我国“调审合一”的制度设计所存在的问题进行了分析。调审主体的合一使得调解严重违背了自愿原则，，使法官产生预断，破坏了审判的中立性，并使调解信息的保密性受到破坏。调审程序的合一使得调解的灵活性、高效性与审判的规范性、复杂性相互矛盾，使调解程序的不公开性与审判程序的公开性不相协调，并导致调解与审判的相互异化。法院制度设计中的审判责任追究机制使法官容易逃避做出判决，法官绩效考评机制使法官热衷于选择调解。此外，调解的制度设计还存在一些问题，如调解缺乏可操作性的规范，调解的案件适用范围过宽，调解的时间期限不明确，反悔权不利于调解效率价值的实现等等。第四，本文对我国目前有关调审关系改革的几种观点进行了介绍。目前，国内对调审关系改革主要有三种观点：调解改革与加强论、调解取消与替代论、调审分离论。调审分离论又包括诉讼外调审分离和诉讼内调审分离。相比之下，本文认为诉讼内调审分离更符合我国国情，具有现实性、稳妥性和可行性。第五，本文对我国当前调审分离的趋势进行了分析。我国立法对调解与审判的适度分离主要表现为，设置了审前调解程序和部分案件的强制调解前置程序，以实现调审程序的分离，并对调审主体和信息的适度分离做出了规定。此外，各地法院的司法改革也纷纷对调审分离制度进行了实践尝试。最后，本文在以上分析的基础上对我国调审分离制度进行了构建。主要包括实现诉讼全过程的调审主体分离，建立专职调解员制度，重构审前调解程序，实现庭审阶段的调审程序分离，以及对其他制度进行改革与完善等内容。
[Abstract]:Mediation as a civil dispute settlement mechanism in China has a long history, known as "Oriental mediation reputation", "Oriental experience" said. Mediation as a way to resolve disputes, has played an irreplaceable role in the ancient society of China. The main court mediation mediation, the relationship between mediation and trial it mainly refers to the relationship between the court mediation and the trial. The court mediation in China originated in the revolutionary base. In the early days, due to the imperfect legal system and people's legal concept limits, mediation became the main means of resolving disputes. The court has played an important role in the mediation of disputes in civil litigation in the reform and opening up. Later, with the constant improvement of China's legal system and strengthen people's legal concepts, the trial to resolve civil disputes is paid attention to in twentieth Century, With the surge in the number of cases and the pursuit of the value of the efficiency of the lawsuit, the value of mediation has been paid more attention.
However, China's court mediation system is not perfect, especially our country court unreasonable there is understanding of the relationship between mediation and trial, which leads to excessive emphasis on Mediation and compulsory mediation and other phenomena. How to correctly understand China's mediation and trial, and the relationship of China's mediation and the trial reform of the civil procedure law become "soft and hard" two ways to resolve disputes, to play a role in dispute resolution, has become the most important problem in China's current civil litigation reform faces.
This article is to analyze the relationship between mediation and trial in the following six aspects:
First of all, this paper in recent years the "mediation Renaissance" and the phenomenon of the "100% reconciliation", "zero judgment" phenomenon, this article tries to discuss the problem. The "mediation revival" is our country since twenty-first Century, an inevitable phenomenon along with the increase in litigation and the pursuit of the value of litigation efficiency the value of China's mediation is affirmed again. "However the mediation" 100% hot "mediation", "zero judgment" and a series of one-sided pursuit of mediation rate of mandatory mediation and the phenomenon has seriously violated the legal principle of voluntary mediation and mediation, contrary to the original intention of the system design. So I China's civil litigation system should be the relationship between mediation and trial reform, the civil lawsuit "soft and hard" two ways to resolve disputes, to play a role in dispute resolution.
Secondly, this paper on China's revolutionary base period from historical changes to the relationship between mediation and trial now is analyzed. The revolutionary base time trial relationship is a combination of the trial, mediation and trial is not divided, the judge sentenced side edge, the typical way is "Temasek five trial mode". After the founding of the PRC in China, the relationship between mediation and trial has gone through four stages: the first stage is from 1982 to China after the establishment of the new "People's Republic of China civil procedural law (Trial)" before the promulgation of the relationship between China's mediation and trial, the period of performance for the mediation based, supplemented by the trial; the second stage is from 1982 "People's Republic of China civil litigation before the law (Trial) > after the promulgation of formally issued in 1991 to People's Republic of China" Civil Procedure Law ", the period of China's trial in relation to emphasize mediation and trial supplement; the third stage is from 1991 Held in People's Republic of China officially promulgated < Civil Procedure Law > 2002 eighteenth national working conference of the court, the period of China's trial in relation to voluntary mediation, the fourth stage is equal; since 2002 held the eighteenth National Conference of the court, the trial in China in relation to the revival of mediation the judgment, sidelined. Finally summarizes the different periods of China's trial relationship is common re adjusted sets, combined with trial.
Third, this paper on China's "trial in the combined system design" problems are analyzed. The main one makes a serious violation of the principle of voluntary mediation, the judge has destroyed the prejudge, neutrality of the judge, and the confidentiality of mediation information is destroyed. The trial program of make a mediation flexibility, normative efficiency and complexity of the trial, contradictory, openness of the mediation process is not open and the trial procedure is not coordinated, and lead to the dissimilation between mediation and trial court system. In the design of judicial accountability mechanism allows judges to escape verdict, the judge performance evaluation the judges are keen to choose mediation mechanism. In addition, the mediation system design there are still some problems, such as lack of operability of the mediation mediation norms, the scope of the case is too wide, the time period of mediation is not clear, go back Right is not conducive to the realization of the efficiency of mediation and so on.
Fourth, this paper introduces several viewpoints about the relationship between mediation and trial system reform in China. At present, the domestic exchange reform mainly has three viewpoints: mediation reform and strengthen mediation theory, cancellation and substitution theory, the separation theory. The separation theory and the separation and redeployment of litigation in civil procedure separation. In contrast, the separation in civil procedure which conforms to China's national conditions, realistic, safe and feasible.
Fifth, this paper analyzes China's current trend. The separation of appropriate separation in China's legislation on the mediation and trial mainly for setting mandatory pre-trial conciliation mediation before trial procedures and in some cases, in order to achieve the separation of mediation and trial procedures, and on the appropriate separation of trial subjects and information made the provisions of judicial reform. In addition, local courts have also on trial separation system of practice.
Finally, on the basis of analysis on China's trial separation system was constructed. Mainly realize the whole process of the trial proceedings the main separation, the establishment of full-time mediator system, reconstruction of pretrial mediation procedures, implementation of the trial phase of the trial separation procedures, and the reform and improvement of the content of he system.

【学位授予单位】：中国社会科学院研究生院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D925.1;D926.2

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