波兰宪法法院制度初探

发布时间：2018-02-24 15:06

本文关键词： 波兰违宪审查宪法法院　出处：《山东大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：上世纪八十年代,社会主义波兰引入宪法裁判所制度。宪法裁判所作为宪法法院的前身,波兰宪法法院迄今已走过三十余年的历程。波兰宪法法院通过自身的宪法实践,在波兰国家机构及民众之间树立起权威地位,在波兰民主政治建设过程中发挥着越来越重要的作用。本文分别从历史源流、制度内容以及运行特点等方面对波兰宪法法院进行研究。第一章在介绍波兰的宪政历史的基础上,阐述波兰波兰宪法法院制度植根于波兰悠久的宪政传统。宪法法院制度非凭空产生,而是在特定的历史条件下、特定的政治环境中才得以扎根。对波兰违宪审查制度的产生和发展进行梳理,能够加深对波兰宪法法院的认识。第二章分析了波兰宪法法院的地位、组织构成,以及职责权限。宪法法院制度是对传统三权分立政治体制的发展与突破。波兰现行宪法赋予宪法法院在国家体制中比较超然的地位,以明确的宪法条文阐述其管辖权,包括对规范性法律文件的审查权、解决中央国家机关的权限争议、审查政党行为的合宪性、涉及侵害宪法权利的诉愿,反映了波兰民主政治建设的现实需求。第三章较详细地梳理了波兰宪法法院适用的审查程序,包括审查程序的启动、审查方式、审判组织、审理期限、判决效力等内容。宪法法院的审查程序是法律技术问题,而法律技术的存在提供了将价值转化为可操作的规范的路径。第四章从运行实效的角度,分析波兰宪法法院实际运行的特点。宪法法院违宪审查程序的启动主体主要是特定国家公权力主体。波兰宪法法院通过其审查实践丰富了民主法治、平等、合比例等宪法原则的内涵。但波兰宪法法院也经历了从司法积极主义向司法自制主义的转变,需要在履行违宪审查职能和尊重其他国家机关的权限之间寻找平衡点。结语部分,在总结前文的基础上,作者提出三点启示性结论:第一,我们必须以本国的政治体制为背景,建设有中国特色的违宪审查制度;第二,我们也应在本国审查制度的框架内,更加注重程序的公开透明,加强公众对审查程序的参与;第三,我们应当培养一批高水平的具备"宪法精神"的审查队伍,由此才能真正保证宪法审查的公正性与权威性。
[Abstract]:In -20s, socialist Poland introduced the system of constitutional adjudication. As the predecessor of the Constitutional Court, the Polish Constitutional Court has gone through more than 30 years. The establishment of an authoritative position between the Polish state institutions and the public is playing an increasingly important role in the process of democratic political construction in Poland. On the basis of the introduction of the constitutional history of Poland, the first chapter is the study of the Polish Constitutional Court from the aspects of the content of the system and the characteristics of its operation. This paper expounds that the Polish Constitutional Court system is rooted in Poland's long constitutional tradition. The Constitutional Court system does not arise out of thin air, but under specific historical conditions. It is possible to deepen the understanding of the Polish Constitutional Court by combing the emergence and development of the Polish constitutional review system. Chapter two analyzes the status and organizational composition of the Polish Constitutional Court. The constitutional court system is the development and breakthrough of the traditional political system of separation of powers. The current Constitution of Poland gives the Constitutional Court a more transcendent position in the national system, stating its jurisdiction with clear constitutional provisions. Including the power of examining normative legal documents, resolving the jurisdiction disputes of the central state organs, examining the constitutionality of political parties' behavior, involving the appeal of infringing constitutional rights, It reflects the practical needs of the construction of democratic politics in Poland. Chapter III reviews in some detail the review procedures applied by the Polish Constitutional Court, including the initiation of the review procedure, the way of the review, the trial organization, and the duration of the trial. The review procedure of the Constitutional Court is a legal and technical issue, and the existence of legal technology provides a way to transform value into operational norms. Chapter 4th, from the perspective of operational effectiveness, This paper analyzes the characteristics of the actual operation of the Polish Constitutional Court. The starting subject of the Constitutional Court's unconstitutional review procedure is mainly the public power subject of a particular country. The Polish Constitutional Court enriches the democratic rule of law and equality through its review practice. But the Polish Constitutional Court has also undergone a shift from judicial activism to judicial self-control, and needs to find a balance between performing its unconstitutional review function and respecting the competence of other state organs. On the basis of the above, the author puts forward three enlightening conclusions: first, we must build the unconstitutional review system with Chinese characteristics against the background of our own political system; second, we should also be within the framework of our own censorship system. We should pay more attention to the openness and transparency of the procedure and strengthen the public participation in the review process. Thirdly, we should train a group of high level review teams with the spirit of the Constitution so as to truly guarantee the fairness and authority of the constitutional review.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D951.3;DD911;DD916.2

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