小额贷款公司及若干法律问题研究

发布时间：2018-08-14 17:34

【摘要】：从国外引入的小额信贷,在我国经过试点后以小额贷款公司的形式扩大了试点范围,地方政府纷纷按照《指导意见》的规定进行细化并运行。小额贷款公司在缓解我国中小企业贷款难、抑制资金外流、遏制非法融资、激活农村金融市场等方面发挥了明显成效。本文从小额贷款公司的概念、特征入手,梳理了其产生发展过程,揭示了其作为企业存在的一般问题,同时指出我国小额贷款公司存在的法律问题,如立法层次太低、与行政许可法、司法解释、金融法之间的冲突、监管法律缺失等问题。本文提出采用提高立法层次、明确非银行金融机构的身份的方法完善善立法保障小额贷款公司的合法地位；提出制定我国小额贷款公司监管法律法规、明确监管主体、建立小额贷款公司行业协会自律管理制度、疏通小额贷款公司转为村镇银行的道路等方法完善我国小额贷款公司监管法律制度。本文认为,根据《指导意见》的规定,小额贷款公司是单独经营贷款业务的企业法人,而不属于金融机构。但是,这种身份的界定不符合法律法规。直接导致小额贷款公司的放贷权利无立法根据；利率规定不合法；运营成本远高于其他金融机构,监管主体不合法,监管体系缺失等问题。因此,要通过完善小额贷款公司的立法,建立一套监管体系,才能促进小额贷款公司的长效良性发展。本文分为三个部分：第一部分小额贷款公司的概念与由来,分为两节,第一节小额贷款公司的概念和特征界定小额贷款公司是单独经营贷款业务的企业法人,而不属于金融机构。其法律依据是《公司法》、《金融法》、《指导意见》等,但明显的区别于其他一般企业法人和金融机构,带有自身的特征,如具备公司法人治理结构、实行市场化利率、资金来源受到限定、具备风险控制监管体系等。第二节小额信贷的起源和在中国的发展,梳理了小额信贷在中国的生根发芽过程,以及小额贷款公司出现的意义。第二部分我国小额贷款公司的现状及存在的法律问题。第一节论述了我国小额贷款公司的一般现状：一般企业身份与享有的放贷权利不符、缺乏充足且稳定的资金来源、运营过程困难、缺乏有效的监管机制、设立条件比一般公司要求高。第二节注重分析了我国小额贷款公司存在的法律问题：立法层次太低、与行政法许可法的冲突、与司法解释的冲突、与《公司法》的冲突、与金融法的冲突、监管法律缺失。第三部分完善小额贷款公司法律制度的构想,通过分析提出完善立法保障小额贷款公司的合法地位,即提高立法层次和明确非银行金融机构的身份；完善我国小额贷款公司监管法律制度的建议,即制定我国小额贷款公司监管法律法规、明确小额贷款公司监管主体、建立行业协会自律管理制度、完善小额贷款公司退出机制。
[Abstract]:The introduction of micro-credit from abroad has expanded the scope of the pilot in the form of micro-credit companies after the pilot in our country, and local governments have refined and operated in accordance with the provisions of "guiding opinions". Microfinance companies have played a significant role in easing the difficulty of lending to small and medium-sized enterprises, restraining the outflow of funds, curbing illegal financing and activating the rural financial market. This paper begins with the concept and characteristics of microfinance companies, combs the process of its emergence and development, reveals its general problems as an enterprise, and points out the legal problems of microfinance companies in China, such as the low level of legislation. Conflicts with administrative licensing law, judicial interpretation, financial law, lack of supervision law and so on. This paper proposes to improve the legal status of microfinance companies by means of improving the legislative level and clarifying the identity of non-bank financial institutions, and to formulate laws and regulations on the supervision of microfinance companies in China, and to clarify the main body of supervision. Establishing self-discipline management system of micro-loan company industry association, dredging the way of transforming micro-loan company into village bank, perfecting the supervision legal system of micro-loan company in our country. In this paper, according to the guidance, a microfinance company is an enterprise legal person engaged in loan business, but not a financial institution. However, the definition of this status is not in accordance with the laws and regulations. This directly leads to the lack of legislative basis for the lending rights of microfinance companies; the illegal regulation of interest rates; the higher operating costs than other financial institutions; the illegal supervision of the main body; the lack of regulatory system and so on. Therefore, only by perfecting the legislation of microfinance companies and establishing a set of regulatory system, can we promote the long-term and benign development of microfinance companies. This paper is divided into three parts: the first part is the concept and origin of microfinance company, which is divided into two sections. Not financial institutions. Its legal basis is "Company Law", "Financial Law", "guidance opinion" and so on. However, it is obviously different from other general enterprise legal persons and financial institutions. It has its own characteristics, such as corporate governance structure, market-oriented interest rate, etc. The source of funds is limited, with a risk control regulatory system and so on. In the second section, the origin and development of microfinance in China, combing the rooting process of microfinance in China, and the significance of the emergence of microfinance companies. The second part is about the current situation and existing legal problems of microfinance companies in China. The first section discusses the general situation of microfinance companies in China: the general identity of the enterprise does not match with the lending rights, the lack of sufficient and stable sources of funds, operational difficulties, lack of effective regulatory mechanisms, The establishment condition is higher than the average company's requirement. The second section focuses on the analysis of the legal problems of microfinance companies in China: too low legislative level, conflicts with administrative law licensing law, conflicts with judicial interpretation, conflicts with company law, conflicts with financial law, lack of supervision law. The third part puts forward the idea of perfecting the legal system of microfinance companies, and puts forward to perfect legislation to protect the legal status of microfinance companies, that is, to improve the legislative level and clarify the identity of non-bank financial institutions; The suggestion of perfecting the legal system of supervision of micro-loan companies in China is to formulate the laws and regulations of supervision of micro-loan companies in our country, to clarify the subject of supervision of micro-loan companies, to establish the self-discipline management system of trade associations, and to perfect the withdrawal mechanism of micro-loan companies.
【学位授予单位】：西南财经大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D922.28;F832.4

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