英美法下“适航义务”界定之实证研究——从绝对适航到过错原则

发布时间：2018-01-20 12:03

本文关键词： 绝对责任谨慎处理公共利益过错原则实证分析　出处：《中国海商法研究》2016年02期 　论文类型：期刊论文

【摘要】：早期的英国法院对适航义务的认定采绝对责任,法院判例主要集中在船舶本身适航与适货这两个方面。到了19世纪末,随着契约自由理念的泛滥,提单的免责事项甚至包括船舶不适航的情形。但是,随着《哈特法》与《海牙规则》的出台,"谨慎处理"的义务取代了绝对责任成为界定适航的新标准。从表面上看似乎减轻了承运人的适航义务,但通过实证分析可知,在适航认定这一层面,谨慎处理的要求基本等同于绝对义务,只不过是将之前的判例成文法化而已。1978年《汉堡规则》推出过错推定原则,进而抛弃"适航"这一专用术语。随着船舶建造技术的进步、管理规范的完善,适航义务被赋予了新的内涵,相关判决越来越体现公共利益,对适航义务的认定也越来越接近民法意义上的过错责任,这预示着船东的适航义务将进一步加重。不仅仅局限于对法律文本的解读,而是注重从历史、从实证的角度对英美法系国家不同时期的判例进行比对分析。
[Abstract]:The early British courts adopted absolute responsibility for the determination of seaworthiness obligations, the court jurisprudence mainly focused on the ship itself seaworthiness and cargo these two aspects. By the end of 19th century, with the spread of the concept of freedom of contract. The disclaimer of bill of lading even includes the case that the ship is not seaworthy. However, with the introduction of the Hart Act and the Hague rules. The obligation of "caution" has replaced absolute responsibility as a new standard to define seaworthiness. On the surface, it seems to lighten the carrier's seaworthiness obligations, but through empirical analysis, it can be seen that the seaworthiness is recognized at this level. The requirement to be cautious is essentially equivalent to an absolute obligation, but merely to codify the previous jurisprudence. In 1978, the Hamburg rules introduced the presumption of fault principle. Then abandon the term "seaworthiness". With the progress of shipbuilding technology and the improvement of management norms, seaworthiness obligation has been given new connotation, and the relevant judgments increasingly reflect the public interest. The identification of seaworthiness obligations is closer to the civil law sense of fault liability, which indicates that the airworthiness obligations of shipowners will be further aggravated. It is not only limited to the interpretation of legal texts, but also pays attention to history. From the perspective of empirical analysis of the Anglo-American legal system countries in different periods of jurisprudence.
【作者单位】：上海海事大学法学院;
【分类号】：D996.19
【正文快照】： 一、早期的承运人绝对责任 20世纪之前,海上货运领域的成文法中有关适航义务的规定处于一片空白,英国法官们只能集中智慧,通过案例的堆砌,不断总结前任法官的经验和教训来界定适航义务,最终得出的结论是:承运人应承担绝对的适航义务。需要注意的是,英国法下关于承运人适航义

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