国际核污染争端解决中的法律问题研究

发布时间：2018-02-01 03:55

本文关键词： 国际核污染争端法律解决《核安全公约》　出处：《哈尔滨工业大学》2012年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：随着人类对替代性资源的不断探索，各国加快了对核能开发利用的步伐，核能自身的特殊性使其对人类及环境的影响超越了国界的范围。如何处理核污染而引起的国家间矛盾已成为国际社会不可回避的重要课题。在核污染事故的波及范围不断扩大，危害程度日益严重的国际背景之下，，建立一整套具有可操作性的国际争端解决的法律机制，一方面，便于实现对受害国及其国民的赔偿，并为此类争端的解决提供国际判例依据；另一方面，有助于预防核事故的再次发生，促进各国在保障核能安全开发与利用方面的国际合作。国际核污染争端的基本特征作为论文的切入点，以日本福岛核事故为研究视角，然后从核污染争端法律解决的国际司法实践与国际法规范两个角度进行分析论证，探索运用国际司法程序解决核污染争端的可行性，提出完善《核安全公约》的同时，加强国际原子能机构的强制管辖权，并建立国际核污染损害的基金赔偿组织来解决现有国际核污染争端解决机制的法律困境。并在此基础之上阐述了我国应从完善核安全法律体系、签署双边争端解决协定、建立核污染监测预警体系、提高国民的核安全意识四个方面来应对核污染国际争端，并有效利用国际司法解决机制维护我国的合法权益。依据比较研究法和规范分析法，对国际法院和国际海洋法庭在处理类似核污染争端的司法实践案例进行分析，得出现有的解决核污染争端的两大国际司法机构在处理争端方面仍有自身的局限性：国际法院的管辖权仅限于国家，而国际海洋法庭受理此类案件没有管辖权依据。同时，在有关核污染争端解决的公约体系中，《核安全公约》的规定显得过于原则，尽管《核事故或辐射紧急情况援助公约》与《核事故及早通报公约》中规定了争端解决的方式，但只适用于有关在核事故发生以后负有及早通报义务或援助义务的国家是否履行义务而引发的争端。因此，有必要补充缔结国际核污染争端解决程序规则，明确限定解决程序各个环节的时间安排，并将其作为《核安全公约》附则的内容，力求从完善实体法律、优化职能机构、建立争端解决程序规则三个方面相互协调，达到促使争端有效解决的效果。
[Abstract]:With the continuous exploration of alternative resources, countries have accelerated the pace of the development and utilization of nuclear energy. The particularity of nuclear energy itself makes its impact on human beings and the environment beyond the scope of national boundaries. How to deal with the conflicts between countries caused by nuclear pollution has become an important issue that cannot be avoided by the international community. The scope is expanding. In the international context of increasingly serious harm, the establishment of a set of operational international dispute settlement legal mechanism, on the one hand, to achieve compensation to the injured State and its nationals. And to provide the basis of international jurisprudence for the settlement of such disputes; On the other hand, it helps to prevent the recurrence of nuclear accidents and promote international cooperation in the safe development and use of nuclear energy. The basic characteristics of the international nuclear pollution dispute as the entry point of the paper, from the perspective of the Fukushima nuclear accident in Japan. Then from the nuclear pollution dispute legal settlement of international judicial practice and the norms of international law to analyze the feasibility of using international judicial procedures to resolve nuclear pollution dispute. At the same time, we should strengthen the compulsory jurisdiction of the International Atomic Energy Agency. And establish the international nuclear pollution damage fund compensation organization to solve the existing international nuclear pollution dispute settlement mechanism of the legal dilemma, and on this basis elaborated that our country should improve the legal system of nuclear safety. The signing of bilateral dispute settlement agreement, the establishment of nuclear pollution monitoring and early warning system, and the enhancement of national nuclear safety awareness are four aspects to deal with international nuclear pollution disputes. And the effective use of international judicial settlement mechanism to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of China. According to the comparative research method and normative analysis method, this paper analyzes the judicial practice cases of the International Court of Justice and the International Maritime Tribunal in dealing with similar nuclear pollution disputes. It is concluded that the two existing international judicial bodies for the settlement of nuclear pollution disputes still have their own limitations in dealing with disputes: the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice is limited to States. At the same time, in the nuclear pollution dispute settlement convention system, the provisions of the Convention on Nuclear Safety appear to be too principled. Although the Convention on Assistance in the case of a Nuclear accident or Radiological Emergency and the Convention on early Notification of a Nuclear accident provide for the modalities of dispute settlement. However, it applies only to disputes arising from the fulfilment of obligations by States with an obligation of early notification or assistance following a nuclear accident... it is therefore necessary to supplement the rules of procedure for the settlement of international nuclear pollution disputes. Clearly define the time schedule of each link of the settlement procedure, and regard it as the content of the supplementary provisions of the Convention on Nuclear Safety, and strive to perfect the substantive law and optimize the functional institutions. The three aspects of dispute settlement procedure should be coordinated in order to promote the effective settlement of disputes.
【学位授予单位】：哈尔滨工业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D999.2

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