私营军事安保公司国际法研究

发布时间：2018-02-13 17:52

本文关键词： 雇佣军私营军事安保公司国际人道法直接参加敌对行动蒙特勒文件　出处：《武汉大学》2011年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：雇佣军是一个非常古老的职业,在人类历史的大部分阶段,可以说是哪里有战争和武装冲突,哪里就有雇佣军。民族国家出现和普及后,雇佣军渐渐退出了历史舞台,直到20世纪中后期殖民地争取民族独立运动时死灰复燃,随后国际社会通过长期努力在国际法上明确禁止招募和使用雇佣军,但雇佣军并没有彻底消失,而是根据时代的发展开始了自身的演化,从以往的个体或松散的团体发展成组织结构严密的私营军事安保公司。虽然20世纪40年代就已出现,但直到21世纪初的阿富汗战争和伊拉克战争,私营军事安保公司才引起国际社会的强烈关注——其对国际法的违反、对主权的侵蚀、对国际秩序的影响、事实上具有免责权等,都要求国际社会认真研究并考虑如何应对,而中国由于特殊的国情和实际情况,更应该对私营军事安保公司有全面而深刻的认识并做好相应准备。文章分为八个部分。绪论阐述了研究私营军事安保公司的必要性、国内外研究现状和研究方法。第一章概述了私营军事安保公司出现之前的雇佣军,根据历史发展分为古希腊时代到12世纪、12世纪到17世纪、18世纪至今三个阶段；考察了关于雇佣军的国际法,分为普遍国际法和区域国际法两个部分。普遍国际法包括联合国大会和安理会有关决议、日内瓦四公约《第一附加议定书》、《联合国雇佣军公约》等,区域国际法主要是指《消除非洲雇佣军制度公约》。这些国际法律文件由于角度不当,标准过高,实际效果欠佳,并不能起到禁止雇佣军的作用。第二章介绍了私营军事安保公司的术语界定、兴起原因和产业总揽,认为没有必要区分私营军事公司和私营安保公司,而应统一使用私营军事安保公司这一术语。国际和国内环境变化、战争性质演变以及现实政治四方面共同作用,加速了私营军事安保公司的发展,而且由于灵活性流动性较高、人力资源丰富廉价、客户范围广数量多,私营军事安保公司将是一个长期现象。第三章分析了关于私营军事安保公司的国内立法,聚焦南非、美国和英国,发现国家普遍缺乏针对私营军事安保公司及其人员的法律,处理相关问题时只能适用其他法律,特别是关于雇佣军的法律。虽然从理论上来看,通过国内法管理私营军事安保公司可能比通过国际法管理更为有效,但由于法律本身的问题和国家缺乏意愿,国内法管理目前效果十分有限。第四章研究了私营军事安保公司在国际法上的性质问题,即私营军事安保公司人员是否是雇佣军、是否是平民、是否是战斗员,认为大部分情况下这些人员不是雇佣军,而是否具有平民地位不能如红十字国际委员会认为的那样一概而论,应该逐例确定。第五章考察了私营军事安保公司在国际法上的实践问题,包括私营军事安保公司及其人员的责任问题、私营军事安保公司参加联合国维和行动的可行性以及关于私营军事安保公司的国际公约草案和软法介评。认为私营军事安保公司及其人员的责任应当根据与雇用国之间的关系判定,联合国不应使用私营军事安保公司进行维和,从国际法上管理私营军事安保公司的努力应该最终形成有关国际公约。第六章讨论了私营军事安保公司与中国,认为中国历史上出现的镖局可视为私营军事安保公司的雏形之一。中国面临的海外安全威胁亟需解决,但官方如政府和军队的海外救援保护行动尚未经常化和制度化,由于法律和政治等方面的原因,中国不会出现私营军事安保公司,也不大可能使用他国的私营军事安保公司。依靠中国政府和军队来解决海外安全问题更合适、更现实,但中国必须密切关注和考虑如何应对私营军事安保公司,特别是其可能发展中国客户的问题。结论认为相比雇佣军,私营军事安保公司对国家、国际社会和个人造成的威胁大得多,而国家缺乏意愿、国际社会缺乏共识只能导致私营军事安保公司在混乱中巩固自己的利益并不断发展,这对于用法律管理私营军事安保公司非常不利。在完全禁止并不现实的情况下,必须尽早通过关于私营军事安保公司的国际公约,同时加强国内层面上的管理。
[Abstract]:Mercenary is a very old occupation, in most of human history, can be said to be where there is war and armed conflict, there are mercenaries. National emergence and popularity, mercenaries gradually withdrew from the stage of history, until twentieth Century in the late colonial struggle for national independence movement and the international community through a stirring among the dry bones, long-term efforts the recruitment and use of mercenaries is expressly prohibited in international law, but the mercenaries did not completely disappear, but according to the development of the times began its evolution and development from the previous individual or loose groups into the private military security structure. Although the company had already appeared in 1940s, but until twenty-first Century the beginning of the war in Afghanistan and Iraq war, private military security companies to cause the attention of the international community, the violation of international law, the erosion of sovereignty. The impact of the international order, in fact have immunity, have asked the international community to seriously study and consider how to deal with, and Chinese due to the special conditions and circumstances, there should be a more comprehensive and profound understanding and make proper preparations for the private military security companies.
The article is divided into eight parts.
The introduction describes the necessity of the study of private military security companies, the current research status and research methods at home and abroad.
The first chapter gives an overview of the private military security companies before the mercenaries, according to the history of ancient Greece times to twelfth Century, Twelfth Century to seventeenth Century, eighteenth Century has three stages; examines the international law on mercenaries, divided into two parts in general international law and regional international law. International law generally includes the relevant resolutions of the UN General Assembly and the Security Council, the four Geneva Convention "the first additional protocol to the UN Convention >, < > mercenaries, regional international law mainly refers to the elimination of" African mercenaries system convention. These international legal documents due to improper angle, high standards, the actual effect is poor, and can not play the role of prohibiting mercenaries.
The second chapter introduces the private military security companies in terms of definition, the reasons for the rise and the industry overall, that there is no need to distinguish between Private Military Companies and private security companies, but the term uniform use of private military security companies. The domestic and international environment changes, the evolution of the nature of reality and interaction of war and political four aspects, accelerate the development of private military security companies but because of the high flexibility, mobility, abundant human resources and cheap, customers a wide range of the number of private military security companies will be a long-term phenomenon.
The third chapter is the analysis about the private military security companies in domestic legislation, focusing on South Africa, the United States and Britain, countries generally found in view of the lack of private military security companies and personnel laws dealing with relevant issues only applicable laws, especially of a mercenary law. Although from a theoretical point of view, the domestic law of management of private military security the company may be better than through international law management more effective, but because the law itself and lack of will, at present domestic law management effect is very limited.
The fourth chapter studies the nature of private military security companies in the international law, and whether the private military security company personnel are mercenaries, whether civilians, whether combatants, that in most cases these personnel are not mercenaries, but whether has the status of civilians cannot generalize as the International Committee of the red cross that the case by case should be determined.
The fifth chapter studies the practice of private military security companies in the international law, including the responsibility of private military security companies and personnel, the feasibility of private military security companies to participate in UN peacekeeping operations and the draft International Convention on private military security companies and soft law review. Think private military security companies and their personnel shall be responsible according to the relationship between the judge and employment in China, the United Nations should not use private military security companies for peacekeeping, from the international law on the management of private military security companies efforts should eventually lead to the formation of relevant international conventions.
The sixth chapter discusses the private military security companies and China, that appeared in the history of Chinese company can be regarded as the rudiment of private military security companies. One of the China facing overseas security threats need to solve, but overseas rescue protection action official such as the government and the army is not regular and institutionalized, due to political and legal aspects. China no private military security companies, private military security companies are unlikely to use his country. Chinese rely on the government and the army is more suitable to solve the security problem of overseas, more realistic, but Chinese must pay close attention to and consider how to deal with the private military security companies, especially the development of Chinese customer problems.
Conclusion compared to mercenaries, private military security companies in the country, much caused by the international community and personal threats, and the state of lack of will, the international community can only lead to a lack of consensus in the private military security companies to consolidate their own interests in the chaos and continuous development, the use of legal management of private military security companies in full is very unfavorable. It is not the reality of the situation, must as soon as possible through International Convention on private military security companies, and to strengthen the domestic level management.

【学位授予单位】：武汉大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D995

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