跟单信用证下银行审单法律问题研究

发布时间：2018-02-25 01:09

本文关键词： 跟单信用证严格相符原则审单标准 UCP600　出处：《中国海洋大学》2011年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：长期以来,信用证交易一直活跃在世界经贸往来中,信用证规范性文件自确立以来也几经修订依然在国际贸易中保持其无可替代的优越性和实用性。由于各国中关于信用证的法律微乎其微,《跟单信用证统一惯例》成为国际广泛认可和尊重的重要成文惯例,与时俱进可谓是其最突出的特点之一,2007年《跟单信用证统一惯例》最新修订版(UCP600)出台,较之前版本变动较大,篇幅大为精简,呈现出内容明确化、语气肯定化、重点突出化,操作性更强的发展趋势。虽然如此,信用证在银行审单过程中的争议依然显著,围绕的中心主要在于对信用证审单原则的把握,虽然UCP600中未明文规定适用何审单原则和标准,但就其始终对信用证付款独立性、确定性、迅捷性、高效低成本性的追求即可知国际商会认可的是严格相符原则和严格相符审单标准,这是符合绝大多数国家实践和少数有成文立法国家的立法要求的,严格相符是信用证存在的根基,其将始终处于信用证审单的主流地位,同时严格相符审单标准会通过国际商会的规定逐渐宽松化并更易于操作,且国际各国的认识也将逐渐统一化、规范化。目前对于审单原则的争论主要源于严格相符原则易于定义而难于理解和把握的特点,对该原则在实践中的运用远比成文法的规定重要,所以就国内立法而言我们应做到有所为,有所不为。同时需要通过可行方式使严格相符原则的使用普遍化,并允许过程中出现小的瑕疵,另外还应积极收集、编纂国内外有关信用证严格相符原则和审单标准的案例及资料,供相关人士学习参考,以在促进信用证实务顺利发展的同时,谨防严格相符原则的恶意滥用。众所周知银行审单工作是信用证交易的核心,但因为审单原则的难以把握性和各当事人利益在审单环节中的体现,信用证审单标准的确立和发展应摆脱单纯对严格相符的理解,而应以信用证存在的几项原则综合为指导,任何审单标准的争论或某审单行为的判断都应以这些原则是否受到动摇为判断标准,一旦有可能威胁信用证存在根基即独立抽象性原则、付款确定性原则、付款迅捷性原则和付款高效低成本性原则的,都应摒弃或否定。对于银行审单原则和审单标准的研究正是为了规范和统一银行审单行为,降低银行拒付率,进一步彰显信用证交易的优点,提高信用证利用率。所以,银行应作为独立的第三方对单据的表面内容进行审核,而不是简单地校对,审单过程需要积极思考和判断,这就要求银行的审单员必须是单证文件的专家,并且具备普通的常识,同时还能够独立地做出决定。不仅如此,为了降低银行审单的拒付率,营造良好的国际贸易环境,信用证的交易双方当事人还应在信用证开立之前就信用证内容及其项下要求单据进行全面、友好地沟通和协商,将信用证交易过程中可能引发的问题解决在信用证开立之前,之后双方即明确了信用证中的规定,则应严格依照规定行事,避免在银行审单过程中出现问题遭致拒付。
[Abstract]:For a long time, the credit transaction has been active in the world economic and trade exchanges, credit regulatory documents are revised several times since the establishment still maintain the practicability and superiority of its irreplaceable in international trade. Because the law very little on credit in all countries, "UCP" has become an important rule widely recognized and respect, the times is one of the most prominent features, 2007 "UCP500" newly revised edition (UCP600) introduced, compared to the previous version of a larger change, I was streamlined, showing clear content, positive tone, highlighting the development trend, more practical.
Nevertheless, the dispute of credit in the bank's process is still significant, around the center depends mainly on auditing credit principles, although UCP600 does not expressly apply what the examination principle and standard, but its always on credit independence, uncertainty, swiftness, high efficiency and low cost of the pursuit of that the International Chamber of Commerce recognized that strict compliance principle and strict compliance with the standard of examination of documents, which is consistent with the practice of most countries and a few legislative requirements in written law countries, strict compliance with the letter of credit is the foundation of existence, the mainstream position will always be in the examination of documents, and strict compliance standard for examination of documents through the provisions of the International Chamber of commerce gradually relaxed and easy to operate, and the understanding of the various countries of the world will be gradually unified, standardized.
The current debate about the principle of trial is mainly due to the principle of strict compliance is easy to define and hard to understand and grasp the characteristics of the application of the principle in practice than the provisions of the statute, so the domestic legislation we should do something to do, something not. At the same time needed by the feasible way to make use of principle of strict compliance generally, and allow small flaws appear in the process, also should be collected at home and abroad, compiling the relevant credit information case and strict compliance principle and the standard for examination of documents, for the relevant parties to learn reference in promoting the smooth development of credit practice at the same time, the principle of strict compliance to guard against malicious abuse.
As everyone knows the bank's work is the core of credit transaction, but because of the principle of trial is difficult to grasp and the interests of the parties in the examination of documents in the process of establishment and development of the standard of examination of documents should be simple to strict compliance and understanding, several principles should be present in the credit comprehensive guidance of any standard for examination of documents the argument or a trial judgment should be based on the behavior of these principles is shaken as the judgment standard, once the credit foundation that could threaten the independence principle, the principle of certainty of payment and quick payment, the payment of the principle of high efficiency and low cost, should be abandoned or rejected.
Study on the bank's principles and standards of examination is to standardize and unify the bank's behavior, reduce bank chargeback rate, further highlighting the advantages of credit, improve credit utilization. Therefore, the bank should act as an independent third party content on the document surface for review, rather than simply checking, trial process positive thinking and judgment, it requires the bank examination must be expert documents, and have the common sense, but also be able to independently make decisions. Not only that, in order to reduce the bank's rate of non payment, to create a good international trade environment, credit trading parties should also be in the credit before the letter of credit under the content and requirements of documents to conduct a comprehensive, friendly communication and negotiation, the credit transaction process may lead to solve the problem in the open letter of credit Before and after the two sides is clearly stipulated in the credit, should be strictly in accordance with the provisions in the act, to avoid the bank's problems in the process of being caused by payment.

【学位授予单位】：中国海洋大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D996.1;F740.4

【引证文献】