低潮高地可否被据为领土问题研究

发布时间：2018-02-26 12:52

本文关键词： 占据领土取得低潮高地海洋法领土争端成案　出处：《武汉大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：关于领土取得,传统理论一般分为先占、时效、添附、割让、征服五种"方式",这当中含有真理,但与实际适用的规则存在较大区别。20世纪以来,国际法院等司法机构对一系列领土争端案件作出的司法判例形成了当代国际法上领土取得规则的重要渊源。随着地球表面易于控制的土地进一步减少,19世纪的"有效占领"规则在20世纪的实践中表现出一些新特点,其中之一即对于岛礁的取得,国家活动"有效性"(对于领土取得)的评价标准在实际控制的要求上有所降低,有时数量极少、程度极弱但被认为具有法律关联的国家活动就能够被评价为发生领土取得效果的有效行为。在国家的领土主权主张进一步向海洋地物延伸的过程中,低潮高地可否被据为领土于是成为有争议的问题。本文首先在司法判例的基础上归纳了 20世纪以来形成的以"有效管辖活动"(effectivites)为中心的领土取得规则在海洋地物取得中的特点,旨在阐明能够产生领土取得效果的主权活动在数量和质量上的标准是与对象领土的实际自然状况相适应的标准,数量极少、程度极弱的国家活动也能够创设主权。其次,着眼于考察低潮高地制度在条约法,主要是海洋法的编纂和发展中的产生和确立过程,辨明低潮高地制度始终是在领海和领海基线问题项下讨论,并且多与岛屿相比较,最终确立的制度赋予它们相似但不同的定义,而海洋权利方面的规定相差甚大;同时辨明领海制度不同于领土取得;总之,海洋法未就低潮高地可否被据为领土做出规定。接着,考察20世纪以来国际法院等处理的领土争端案件当中有关低潮高地可否被据为领土的问题,分析当事国和裁判机构在"卡塔尔诉巴林""尼加拉瓜诉哥伦比亚""厄立特里亚和也门"等案中对这一问题的处理,指明司法判例的准确结论是低潮高地自身可否被据为领土的问题结论待定,且低潮高地可作为群岛组成部分被据为领土。然后,辨析"高潮时没入水中"与低潮高地可否被据为领土的关系,认为该特性不足以否认低潮高地自身可被据为领土;另一方面,"整体"理论有适用上的合法性,低潮高地可作为群岛组成部分被据为领土。最后,本文结论认为,低潮高地自身或作为群岛组成部分可被据为领土均有基础。
[Abstract]:About the acquisition of territory, the traditional theory can be divided into pre empt, aging, accession, cession, the conquest of the five "way", which contains the truth, since the.20 century, but there is a big difference with the actual applied rules, the International Court of the judiciary on a series of territorial disputes as a judicial precedent has formed an important source of contemporary international law on territorial acquisition rules. Along with the earth's surface is easy to control the land is further reduced, the nineteenth Century "effective occupation" rules show some new features in the twentieth Century practice, one of which is to get reefs, validity of the national "activities" (for territorial acquisition criteria) were reduced in the actual control requirements, sometimes the number is very small, but very weak degree is considered to have legal related national activities can be evaluated as territorial effect of effective behavior. In the country's territorial sovereignty and A further extension to the ocean surface during low tide elevations can be according to the territory became a controversial issue. Based on the judicial precedents to conclude the "effective jurisdiction of activities since twentieth Century the formation of" (effectivites) as the center of the territorial acquisition rules in marine objects to obtain the characteristics, aims to clarify to achieve effect of sovereign territory activities in quantity and quality standard is in accordance with the actual situation of the natural object of the territory, the number is very small, very weak country activities can also create sovereignty. Second, focus on the effects of low tide elevations system in the law of treaties, mainly the codification and development of the law of the sea the emergence and establishment process, identify the time of high system is always discussed in the territorial waters and territorial sea baseline problem, and compared with the island, eventually establish the system to give them. Similar but different definitions, and marine rights provisions vary greatly; at the same time to identify the territorial sea system is different from the acquisition of territory; in short, the law of the sea is not low tide elevations can be according to the provisions for the territory. Then, since the case study in twentieth Century, the International Court of the territorial dispute processing parts on low tide elevations can be according to the territory the problem analysis of the parties and the referee organization at the Qatar v. Bahrain "Nicaragua v. Columbia" Eritrea and Yemen "in the case of this problem, the accurate conclusion indicates judicial precedent is the low tide heights itself can be according to the territorial issue pending conclusion, and can be used as the time of high islands is according to the territory. Then, the analysis of the" tide submerged "and low tide elevations can be according to the relationship of the territory, that this feature is not enough to deny themselves can be according to the low tide elevations for territory; On the other hand, the "holistic" theory has the legitimacy of application. The low tide heights can be regarded as a part of the archipelago.

【学位授予单位】：武汉大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D993.5

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