两次海牙和平会议及其历史遗产

发布时间：2018-02-26 14:37

本文关键词： 海牙和平会议背景国际体系历史遗产大国协调　出处：《南京大学》2012年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：19世纪末20世纪初是世界历史的转折期,也是国际关系格局新旧交替的重要时期。1899年和1907年召开的两次海牙和平会议正是国际形势发展的结果,它体现了鲜明的时代特征,同时也对现代国际关系的发展产生了深远的影响。深入研究两次海牙和平会议及其历史遗产对于我们深刻认识19世纪末20世纪初国际关系的基本特征,了解国际机制特别是大国协调机制正常运行的基本条件,理清相关国际法的发展脉络具有十分重要的意义。目前国内关于两次海牙和平会议的研究并不多,在论文的导论部分,笔者将介绍国内外关于此项论题的研究现状,并分析这些研究视角,总结它们的特点。在此基础之上提出自己的研究目标和视角：即把海牙国际会议放在更加宏观的国际关系史演变的背景之下,把其作为欧洲协调末期向新的全球性的大国协调机制所做的一次探索来加以研究,揭示其对现当代一些国际机制的重要的先导和奠基意义。第二次工业革命推动了生产关系的变革和国家间交往模式的变化。在生产关系方面,最重要的就是垄断制的出现,各资本主义国家先后完成了由自由向垄断资本主义的过渡。在交往模式方面,世界越来越成为一个整体,各国对世界市场特别是对殖民地的依赖程度不断提高,对外扩张的步伐不断加快。这一时期,新兴力量的出现也极大的冲击了既有的国际秩序,包括以美、德为代表的新兴强国的崛起、自主性民族主义运动在欧洲兴起、两大军事集团形成。在新兴力量的冲击下,旧有的欧洲协调体系面临解体的危机。不断增多的军事冲突和愈演愈烈的军备竞赛使得大战越来越迫近。海牙和平召开的直接目的是为了避免战争,维持世界的总体和平,而其最终目的则在于在寻求国际关系中新旧力量和平共存之道,重新分配权力并探索新的国际秩序的基本框架。第一次海牙会议是由俄国沙皇尼古拉二世倡议发起的,其直接动机是为了缓解国内的财政危机,但也受到了和平主义思想和民间和平活动的影响。两次海牙和平会议包括了当时世界上所有的独立国家,但其中其主导作用的仍是一些大国。一些新兴大国,特别是美国也在会议的进程中扮演了重要的角色。两次海牙和平会议诞生了丰富的成果,对国际关系秩序的建设和国际法的发展都有创新性的贡献,特别是第一次海牙和会所产生的三个重要公约,即《和平解决国际争端公约》(海牙第一公约)、《陆战法规和惯例公约》《日内瓦公约诸原则适用于海战的公约》(海牙第三公约),对国际法特别是战争法的编纂影响极其深远。两次海牙和平会议对国际体系的演变产生了重大的影响。由于种种原因,两次海牙和平会议的成果大多未得到落实,国际局势继续恶化,新旧强国间的矛盾不断激化,终于演化全面战争。为缓和日益紧张的国际局势,维持和平的局面,两次海牙和平会议试图挽救面临危机的欧洲协调体系,并将其向世界拓展,建立全球性的大国协调机制。两次海牙和平会议还为新兴大国提供了展示自身,提高国际影响力的舞台。特别是美国以这两次会议为契机,登上国际政治舞台,参与到国际事务的处理中,成为具有重要影响的大国,为今后扮演更重要的角色做了铺垫。两次海牙和平会议留下了丰富的历史遗产。在和会的诸多成果中,国际仲裁制度的确立和国际仲裁法庭的建立是最重要的之一,它们为和平解决国际争端奠定了基础。两次海牙和平会议开创了国际人道主义法的渊源,为后来的日内瓦四公约、《白里安一凯洛格公约》、《巴黎非战公约》等国际公约提供了法理依据。在对两次海牙和平会议的背景、经过、成果、意义和影响进行系统性研究的基础上,本文将充分借鉴国内外学术界重要研究成果,运用现实主义和新自由主义流派中关于国际机制的理论,归纳出一个国际会议要成为一项为各大国所接受的固定的国际机制,一个大国协调机制要正常的运行并发挥作用所必须具备的一些条件,如一个成功的大国协调机制必须具有一定的开放性、代表性和包容性；要有完整的组织架构和制度规范；还要有一个事实上的领导核心共同的利益和价值体系。此外,本文还将指出本课题研究的重点和未来的突破口。
[Abstract]:At the end of nineteenth Century and early twentieth Century is a turning point of world history, an important period in.1899 and 1907 is the transition of the pattern of international relations in the meeting of the two Hague peace conference is the result of the development of the international situation, it embodies the distinctive characteristics of the times, had a profound impact on the development of modern international relations but also in-depth study. The two Hague Peace Conferences for the basic features of our profound understanding of international relations at the end of nineteenth Century early twentieth Century, understand the international mechanism especially the basic condition for the normal operation of power coordination mechanism, has very important significance in clarifying the development of relevant international law.
There is not much research on the two Hague peace conference, in the introduction, the author will introduce the research status at home and abroad on the issue, and the analysis of the research perspective, and summarize their features. Based on the proposed its research goal and visual angle: Hague international conference that is put in the history of international development the relationship between a more macro background, taking it as an exploration of the European coordination end to the new global power coordination mechanism will be studied to reveal the mechanism of the contemporary international leading and foundational significance.
The second industrial revolution promoted the change of relations of production change and mode of international communications. In terms of production relations, the most important is the monopoly system, the capitalist countries have completed the transition from capitalism to monopoly capitalism. In the mode of communication, the world has become a whole, all countries of the world market in particular continuously improve the degree of dependence on the colonies, accelerating the pace of foreign expansion. During this period, emerging forces also had a great impact on the existing international order, including the rise of new powers to the United States, Germany as the representative of the independent nationalist movement arose in Europe, the two major military group in formation. The impact of these forces, the old European coordination system is facing collapse crisis. Military conflict is increasing and fierce arms race makes war looming Hague peace. The immediate purpose of the convening is to avoid war and maintain the general peace of the world, and its ultimate goal is to seek the way of peaceful coexistence of new and old forces in international relations, redistribute power and explore the basic framework of new international order.
The first Hague conference is sponsored by the Russian Tsar Nicola S initiative, the direct motive is to alleviate the domestic financial crisis, but also by the impact of pacifism and civil peace activities. The two Hague peace conference including the world all independent countries, but one of its leading role in the country is still some. Emerging powers, especially the United States in the meeting process plays an important role. The two Hague peace conference was fruitful, there are innovative contributions to the development of the construction of the order of international relations and international law, especially the three important convention in Hague for the first time and the club, that is "peace the settlement of international disputes Convention" (first Hague Convention), "rules and practices" "Convention on the principles of Geneva convention applicable to naval Convention" (third Hague Convention), especially on international law The compiling of the law of war has a profound influence.
The two had a major impact on the evolution of the Hague peace conference of the international system. Due to various reasons, the two Hague peace conference results are not implemented, the international situation continues to deteriorate, the intensification of the contradiction between the old and new power, finally the evolution of total war. To ease the increasingly tense international situation, to maintain peace. The two Hague peace conference to try to save the crisis of the European coordination system, and its development to the world, a global power coordination mechanism. The two Hague peace conference is to provide a display of their emerging powers, improve the stage of international influence. Especially in the United States on the two meeting as an opportunity, on the international political stage and to participate in international affairs, has become an important influence in the country, paving the way for a more important role in the future.
The two Hague peace conference left a rich historical heritage. And will in many achievements, establishing the international arbitration and the International Court of arbitration is one of the most important, they laid the foundation for the peaceful settlement of international disputes. The two Hague peace conference created a source of international humanitarian law, for the later the four Geneva convention, a convention > < < Kellogg Briand, provides the legal basis for the International Convention on the Paris pact >.
In the two Hague Peace Conference on the background, through the basic research, achievement, significance and influence on the system, this paper will make full use of the important domestic and foreign academic research, on the international mechanism theory of realism and Neo liberalism genre, summed up an international conference to become an accepted for each country fixed international mechanism, some conditions for a country to normal operation and coordination mechanism must have played a role, such as a successful country coordination mechanism must have a certain openness, representative and inclusive; to have a complete organizational structure and institutional norms; there is also a the core of leadership in fact common interests and value system. In addition, this paper also points out the focus of this research and future breakthrough.

【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D99

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