国际司法程序中的法庭之友主体比较研究

发布时间：2018-03-02 23:34

本文选题：国际司法程序　切入点：法庭之友　出处：《南京大学》2012年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：随着国际司法体系的构建和完善,法庭之友制度被引入国际法层面,并在近数十年内得到了较快发展。但是,国际司法程序中法庭之友的主体问题尚不太明晰,因此,“谁可以成为法庭之友”以及“各国际司法机关之间存在哪些差异”就成为文章所要探讨的主要问题。通过对不同国际司法机关规则和实践的考查,可以发现,在当今的国际司法程序中,法庭之友主体可以区分为一般主体和特殊主体。一般主体包括国家、国际组织、NGO和私人；而特殊主体则包括准国家、单独关税区和超国家体等。与特殊主体相比,法庭之友的一般主体参与国际司法程序是最常见情形；而在各一般主体中也存在着制度和实践上的区别。一般而言,国家和国际组织是更易被接受的法庭之友主体,而NGO和私人的法庭之友主体资格则常常面临争议。实践中,NGO不但是提交法庭之友申请数量和实际参与案件数量最多,也是表现最活跃的主体,这在很大程度上推动了法庭之友制度在国际司法程序中的发展。从法庭之友制度在国际法体系中得以确立以至不断发展的历史过程来看,国际司法程序对于法庭之友制度的接受是一个“螺旋式”上升的过程。当然,不同的国际司法机关也存在着不同的政策考量尺度,呈现出了各自的特点。在早期的国际司法活动中,国际法庭一般不愿意接受法庭之友,但是随着法庭之友申请数量的增多和要求接受法庭之友的呼声渐高,各国际法庭纷纷通过修改规则或法条解释的途径,接受了法庭之友。在法庭之友参与案件的合法性问题上,各司法机关也形成明显差别,有的司法机关的程序规则对法庭之友作出了明确的规定,而其他司法机关的程序规则中却缺乏确切依据。对于法庭之友主体范围的大小,各司法机关也存在明显的差异。其中,以国际法院和WTO为代表的“选择接受”型国际司法机关,一般只接受国家和国际组织为法庭之友；而以欧洲人权法院和美洲人权法院为代表的区域性法院,以及刑事、投资仲裁方面的专门性法庭,不仅接受国家、国际组织为法庭之友,同时也接受NGO和私人,属于“普遍接受”。而从国际司法实践来看,一般地,“选择接受”型的国际司法机关有关法庭之友的案例较少,而在“普遍接受”型的国际司法机关中,法庭之友的案例则十分丰富。对于以上内容的考查,文章主要采用了实证和比较分析的方法加以展开。其中,第一部分从总体上阐释了国际司法程序中法庭之友的主体类型；第二部分则针对不同的司法机关进行了分别考查,主要是以规则和司法实践为考查线索；第三部分是对不同国际司法机关考查结果的分析,在此基础上提出了展望。
[Abstract]:With the construction and perfection of international judicial system, amicus curiae system has been introduced into international law and developed rapidly in recent decades. However, the subject question of amicus curiae in international judicial proceedings is not very clear. Thus, "who can be amicus curiae" and "what are the differences between international judicial organs" are the main issues to be addressed in the article... through an examination of the rules and practices of different international judicial organs, it can be found that. In today's international judicial process, amicus curiae subjects can be divided into general subjects and special subjects. The general subjects include States, international organizations, NGOs and private individuals, while special subjects include parastatals. Separate customs territories and supranational bodies... The participation of amicus curiae general subjects in international judicial proceedings is the most common situation compared with special subjects; in general, there are institutional and practical differences among general subjects... States and international organizations are more acceptable amicus curiae subjects, while NGO and private amicus curiae subject qualifications often face controversy. In practice, NGOs not only submit amicus curiae applications and actually participate in cases, It is also the most active subject, which to a large extent promotes the development of amicus curiae system in international judicial proceedings. From the historical process of establishing amicus curiae system in the system of international law and even of its continuous development, The international judicial process is a "spiral" of acceptance of the amicus curiae system. Of course, different international judicial organs also have different measures of policy considerations. In early international judicial activities, the Tribunal was generally reluctant to accept amicus curiae, but as the number of amicus curiae applications increased and calls for acceptance of amicus curiae grew, The international tribunals have accepted amicus curiae one after another by amending the interpretation of rules or articles of law. There are also marked differences among the judicial organs regarding the legality of amicus curiae participation in cases. The rules of procedure of some judicial organs make clear provisions for amicus curiae, while the rules of procedure of other judicial organs lack a precise basis. There are also obvious differences among the judicial organs in the scope of the amicus curiae subject. The "opt-in" international judicial organs, represented by the International Court of Justice and the WTO, generally accept only States and international organizations as amicus curiae; regional courts, represented by the European Court of Human Rights and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, and criminal matters, The specialized courts in the field of investment arbitration, which not only accept States, international organizations as amicus curiae, but also NGO and private individuals, are "generally accepted"... and from the point of view of international judicial practice, Generally speaking, there are fewer cases of amicus curiae in the "opting-acceptance" type of international judicial organ, while in the "universally accepted" type of international judicial organ, the amicus curiae case is very rich. The first part explains the main types of amicus curiae in the international judicial process in general, the second part examines the different judicial organs separately. The third part is the analysis of the results of the examination of different international judicial organs, on the basis of which the prospect is put forward.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D994;D997

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