跨界环境损害责任构成之适当谨慎义务理论研究

发布时间：2018-03-04 04:01

本文选题：跨界环境损害责任　切入点：国家责任　出处：《外交学院》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：随着跨界环境损害责任构成研究的发展，适当谨慎义务作为一个折中理论，能够解决可预见的环境损害有可能发生或环境损害发生时国家责任承担的问题，该理论与国际环境法中的预防原则紧密相连，承担着保护全球环境及国际共同利益的责任，逐渐被各国接受。本文从跨界环境损害的责任构成的几个基本理论出发，即严格责任、过错责任、危险责任以及适当谨慎义务，论证了几个理论的基础及内涵，然后本文阐述了适当谨慎义务的三个具体内容，环境影响评估义务、通知义务及咨询磋商义务，并考察了当今国际立法现状及国际实践，最后本文对“适当谨慎义务”及三个内容进行了综合评价，优势及问题等。本文认为，“适当谨慎义务”作为国际环境法中解决环境问题的一个国家手段，奠定了该义务在国际法领域作为一个归责原则来解决环境问题。在不同领域当中，适当谨慎义务的具有灵活的特征和概念，除了“当出现问题时起到保护作用”这一共性特征以外，适当谨慎义务的特征及概念在不同的领域是不尽相同的。在国家实践中有迹象表明，国家对其领土的控制程度、对损害的可预见性以及利益保护的重要性作为国家在采取国家行为之前必须要考虑的几个因素。若国家按照适当谨慎义务的标准实施国家行为，对于保护环境而已通常是足够的，但在某些领域，，有时国家需要依照一个更严格的标准，甚至一个绝对数值来实施自己的行为。因此，在制定适当谨慎义务的标准时，对精准内容的义务可以相应减少，更多地注意其一般性和灵活性的特征。
[Abstract]:With the development of the study on the composition of liability for transboundary environmental damage, the obligation of due diligence, as a compromise theory, can solve the problem of the State's liability in the event of foreseeable environmental damage or in the event of environmental damage. The theory is closely related to the precautionary principle in international environmental law, and it is responsible for the protection of the global environment and international common interests, and is gradually accepted by all countries. Starting from several basic theories of liability for transboundary environmental damage, namely strict liability, fault liability, dangerous liability and appropriate duty of care, this paper demonstrates the basis and connotation of several theories. Then this paper expounds the three specific contents of the appropriate duty of care, the obligation of environmental impact assessment, the obligation of notification and the duty of consultation, and examines the current situation of international legislation and international practice. Finally, this paper gives a comprehensive evaluation, advantages and problems of "appropriate duty of care" and three contents. This paper holds that the "due diligence obligation", as a national means of solving environmental problems in international environmental law, establishes the obligation to solve environmental problems in the field of international law as a principle of imputation. The flexible character and concept of the appropriate duty of care, in addition to the common feature of "protection in the event of a problem", The characteristics and concepts of the obligation of due diligence vary in different fields... in State practice there are indications of the degree of State control over its territory, The predictability of the harm and the importance of the protection of interests are several factors that must be taken into account by the State before taking the act of the State... if the State acts in accordance with the standards of the obligation of due diligence, It is usually sufficient to protect the environment, but in some areas States are sometimes required to carry out their conduct in accordance with a more stringent standard, or even an absolute value... therefore, in setting the standards for the appropriate duty of care, The obligation on precision content can be reduced accordingly, paying more attention to its general and flexible features.
【学位授予单位】：外交学院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D996.9

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