WTO视角下的碳关税法律问题研究

发布时间：2018-03-04 06:06

本文选题：碳关税　切入点：温室气体减排　出处：《上海社会科学院》2011年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：环境污染是经济发展带来的负面效应,为了解决环境问题,平衡国内外产品成本差异,弥补竞争力,防止碳泄漏等原因,美国和欧盟等发达国家主张征收碳关税并正在立法尝试过程中。本文第一章“WTO体制下碳关税的相关规定”中介绍了碳关税的产生背景,分析了排放交易制度与碳关税的关系,并由此得出碳关税实际上是一种边境调整方式,分析了WTO对边境调整的具体规定,最后提出碳关税的现实意义。在介绍了碳关税的主要概况之后,本文在第二章“美国碳关税相关立法”中阐述了美国的主要立法。美国虽然没有建立排放交易制度,但是历史上已经多次进行立法,主要包括《气候管理法》、《气候安全法》和《清洁能源与安全法》,尤其是后两部法律,都有对其他国家进口到美国产品要求购买排放许可的制度,也就是所谓的碳关税。虽然目前立法还在审议过程中,但是这些条款引起各国政府和学者的关注。法案中关于本国产品和外国产品的差别待遇也是具有争议的部分,可能与世界贸易组织(WTO)相关法律不符。在介绍欧盟和美国法案的基础上,本文在第三章“美国碳关税立法与WTO规则相符性研究”中首先讲述了WTO关注环境与经济发展的历程以及WTO框架内关于环境变化的相关工作,尤其在《贸易与气候变化》报告中介绍了边境调整方式对WTO的影响。在第二节中主要分析了美国的排放许可制度与WTO具体规则之间的关系,最终得出结论认为法案中的“国际保留排放许可制度”违反WTO国民待遇原则等条款,并无法得到GATT第20条一般例外的豁免,违背了根据WTO规则应当承担的义务,构成对贸易的阻碍。在最后,本文介绍了碳关税对世界的挑战,它具有强烈的单边主义色彩和贸易保护主义倾向,不利于世界经济发展,与《联合国气候变化框架公约》及《京都议定书》中确立的“共同但有区别的责任”原则不相符,并可能引发发达国家与发展中国家对技术性贸易壁垒和知识产权等一系列问题的争论。因此,国际社会应当秉承包容与合作的原则,达成减少温室气体排放的国际条约,制定与WTO相符的环境与贸易政策。对于中国来说,碳关税既是机遇也是挑战,应当利用世界环保浪潮,积极参与国际合作,维护本国利益,鼓励清洁技术和能源的开发与利用,建设环境友好型社会,积极应对可能产生的政治与经济问题。
[Abstract]:Environmental pollution is a negative effect brought by economic development. In order to solve environmental problems, balance the cost difference between domestic and foreign products, make up for competitiveness and prevent carbon leakage, etc. The United States and the European Union and other developed countries advocate the imposition of carbon tariffs and are in the process of trying to legislate. The first chapter of this paper, "carbon tariffs under the WTO system," introduces the background of carbon tariffs, and analyzes the relationship between emissions trading system and carbon tariffs. From this, it is concluded that carbon tariff is actually a way of border adjustment, and the specific regulation of border adjustment by WTO is analyzed. Finally, the practical significance of carbon tariff is put forward. After introducing the main general situation of carbon tariff, this paper expounds the main legislation of the United States in Chapter 2, "American carbon tariff related legislation". Although the United States has not established an emissions trading system, it has legislated many times in its history. They mainly include the Climate Management Act, the Climate Safety Act, and the Clean Energy and Safety Act, especially the latter two laws, which all require the purchase of emission permits for products imported into the United States from other countries. The so-called carbon tariff. Although legislation is still under consideration, these provisions are of concern to governments and scholars. The difference between domestic and foreign products is also a controversial part of the bill. It may not be in accordance with the relevant laws of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Based on the introduction of the European Union and the United States Act, in the third chapter, "the study on the conformity of American carbon tariff legislation and WTO rules", this paper first describes the course of WTO's concern about the environment and economic development, and the related work on environmental change within the framework of WTO. In particular, in the Trade and Climate change report, the impact of the border adjustment approach on WTO is described. In section II, the relationship between the United States emission permit system and the specific rules of the WTO is analyzed. Finally, it is concluded that the "international reserve emission permit system" in the bill violates provisions such as the WTO principle of national treatment, and does not receive the general exception of the exemption from article 20 of the GATT, which violates its obligations under the WTO rules. Constitute an obstacle to trade. Finally, this paper introduces the challenge of carbon tariff to the world, which has strong unilateralism and trade protectionism, which is not conducive to the development of the world economy. Incompatible with the principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities" established in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate change and the Kyoto Protocol, And may trigger a debate between developed and developing countries on a range of issues, such as technical barriers to trade and intellectual property rights. Therefore, the international community should adhere to the principles of inclusiveness and cooperation to conclude an international treaty to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, Making environmental and trade policies consistent with WTO. For China, carbon tariff is both an opportunity and a challenge. We should take advantage of the wave of environmental protection in the world, actively participate in international cooperation, safeguard our national interests, and encourage the development and utilization of clean technologies and energy. Build an environment-friendly society and actively deal with possible political and economic problems.
【学位授予单位】：上海社会科学院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D996

【参考文献】