打破沉默：国际法视角下武装冲突中性暴力问题研究

发布时间：2018-03-26 06:27

  本文选题：武装冲突中的性暴力　切入点：国际人道主义法　出处：《南京大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：战争是人类文明史中重要却残酷的一章。强奸及其他形式的性暴力在数千年各种战争中一直呈现以常态,然而国际社会对这个现象的重视却是一种新的现象。历史上由于性暴力问题的敏感性,武装冲突中的性暴力问题几乎被排除在所有社会学科的研究与记载范畴外。另一方面,性暴力仍然大量贯穿在各种武装冲突之中。二十世纪被后来的社会学家评论为"人类历史有记录以来最凶残的时期"。第二次世界大战期间日本皇军攻占中国南京,60万南京城平民中有30万惨遭日军杀戮(历史上称"南京大屠杀"),并有约20万至80万的女性被日军绑架与强奸。波黑战争时期,塞族部队对约有10万至60万的穆斯林妇女进行大规模集体强奸,以达到其"种族清洗"的目的。在非洲的"卢旺达大屠杀"中,遭受强奸的受害者估计约达15万至50万。大规模的战争暴行及种族屠杀冲击了人类的良知。自在二十世纪末以来,大量人权组织,学者和人权主义者开始关注与谴责武装冲突中的性暴力问题。国际社会上要求打击武装冲突中的性暴力问题的呼声愈发强烈。过去的半个世纪以来,国际法在禁止与惩治武装冲突中性暴力领域取得了令人瞩目的发展。国际人道法与国际人权法对包括武装冲突在内的任何时期的性暴力做出了必要的保护性和禁止性规定。国际刑法将最严重的性暴力形式犯罪化。国际刑事法庭的判决进一步确认了强奸及其他形式的性暴力可能会构成国际犯罪——战争罪、危害人类罪和灭绝种族罪,并导致个人刑事责任。在规范武装冲突中的性暴力问题上,国际法的这三个法律分支有效响应并相互产生积极影响。尽管存在这些卓越的法律成就,性暴力问题仍在当今许多冲突地区呈现出令人不安的趋势。越来越多的声音质疑法律规则在规范这个问题上的不足以及相关规则在实施上的有效性。考虑到冲突中的性暴力问题的复杂性与社会性,本文采用一种"社会法学"的研究方法试图阐释法律与社会现象(即"文本上的法律"与"实践上的法律")在规范该问题上可能存在的空缺。研究的内容包括对冲突中的性暴力问题在法律与社会,文化等多种角度进行解读,对现有国际法规则与制度充分性做出检验,并试图评估国际刑事法庭在执行法律上的有效性,以作为进一步探索在打击冲突中的性暴力领域上存在的障碍及解决思路的基础。本文通过对阿拉伯叙利亚共和国武装冲突现状进行研究,强调强奸及其他形式的性暴力不仅被冲突各方利用为"摧毁受害者身份、尊严、社会及家庭基础"的"战争策略",甚至被作为针对雅兹迪族种族清洗的手段。然而,由于站出来所面临的风险、威胁和创伤,很多受害者选择保持沉默,有关冲突中的性暴力的调查和报告仍然严重不足。实质上,武装冲突中的性暴力不仅是对战争法和人权法的严重违反,也是一个根深蒂固的与其民族及宗教文化密切相关的社会性问题。因此在打击和预防冲突中的性暴力问题上并不能仅依赖于法律工具的规范,而是需要国际社会充分考量道德,社会,经济及法律等各个层面以做出综合应对。综上所述,现有的国际法律规则及制度即使仍存在不足,但仍为规范冲突中的性暴力问题及惩罚犯罪提供了重要的法律保障。遗憾的是,国际法在追究叙利亚武装冲突中的强奸,性暴力及种族屠杀等犯罪上仍没有得到落实。对此,作者提出观点认为国际社会应进一步强化对冲突中性暴力犯罪的认知,以种族清洗为目的的强奸行为应被视为种族灭绝罪的一种,应接受普遍管辖。这不仅在为法律规则的强化与实施提供了更多可能,也在社会层面上挑战一些传统社会强加于受害者的羞愧和耻辱。母庸置疑,彻底消灭这种为沉默所隐蔽的犯罪仍是"道阻且长",但追究犯罪者责任,维护受害者的尊严不会再是乌托邦式空想。
[Abstract]:War is the history of human civilization has important cruel chapter. Rape and other forms of sexual violence in the thousands of years of war has been the norm, but the phenomenon of international society attention is a new phenomenon in history. Due to the sensitive problem of sexual violence and sexual violence in armed conflict is almost excluded from the study and record the categories of all social disciplines. On the other hand, sexual violence is still a lot of throughout the various armed conflict. Comments by later sociologists in twentieth Century as "human history record in the most brutal period". During the Second World War the Imperial Japanese army captured China Nanjing, Nanjing City 600 thousand civilians in 300 thousand the Japanese were killed (historically called "Nanjing Massacre"), and about 200 thousand to 800 thousand of women by the Japanese kidnapping and rape. During the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serb forces of about 100 thousand to 60 Thousands of Muslim women were mass rape, in order to achieve the "ethnic cleansing". In Africa "genocide", rape victims is estimated about 150 thousand to 500 thousand. The war atrocities and genocide in the large-scale impact of the human conscience. Since the end of twentieth Century, a large number of human rights organizations, academics and human rights people begin to pay attention to the condemned sexual violence in armed conflict. The increasingly strong international society against sexual violence in armed conflict. The voice of the past half century, the international law to prohibit and punish neutral armed conflict violence field has made remarkable development. The international humanitarian law and international human rights law on sexual violence any period of armed conflict, including the making of the necessary protection and prohibition of international criminal law. The most serious forms of sexual violence crime. The International Criminal Court further confirmed the rape and other forms of sexual violence may constitute International Crimes: war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide, and lead to individual criminal responsibility. The issue of sexual violence in armed conflict in the specification, the three branches of the law of international law effectively respond to and influence each other positively. Despite these excellent legal achievements, the issue of sexual violence is still in many conflict areas showing a disturbing trend. More and more voices questioned the effectiveness of lack of legal rules in the specification on this issue and the related rules in the implementation. Considering the complexity of social and sexual violence in conflict. This paper adopts a "social law" research method attempts to explain the legal and social phenomenon (i.e. "text on the law" and "practice of law") in the specification of the problem may exist In the vacancy. The study includes the issue of sexual violence in conflict in the law and society, to interpret a variety of cultural angle, make a test of the adequacy of existing rules of international law and system, and attempts to evaluate the effectiveness of the implementation of the International Criminal Court in the law, so as to further explore the existence of the conflict in the fight against in the field of violence obstacles and Solutions Foundation. Based on the research of the Arabia Republic of Syria armed conflict situation, emphasizing the rape and other forms of sexual violence is not only by the parties to the conflict to destroy the victims of identity, dignity, social and family based "and" war strategy ", even as the means of ethnic cleansing the Yazidi family. However, because of the risk of stand facing the threat and trauma, many victims choose to remain silent about sexual violence in conflict investigation and report A serious shortage. In essence, sexual violence in armed conflict is not only the law of war and human rights law is a serious violation, ingrained with ethnic and religious culture is closely related to the social problems. Therefore, the problem of sexual violence in combating and preventing the conflict and not only depends on the legal tools for the specification, but the need for the international community to fully consider the moral, social, economic and legal aspects in order to make a comprehensive response. In summary, the rules of international law and the existing system even if there is still insufficient, but still provides an important legal guarantee to regulate sexual violence in conflict problems and punishment of the crime. Unfortunately, the international law in the investigation of Syria armed conflict in rape, sexual violence and genocide and other crimes have not been implemented. In this regard, the author put forward the view that the international community should further strengthen the violence of conflict neutral The crime of cognition, a genocide rape behavior objective should be regarded as genocide, should accept the universal jurisdiction. This not only provides more possibilities for the implementation of the rule of law and strengthen, also challenge some traditional society imposed on the victim's shame and disgrace on the social level. Mother rguably completely this is the elimination of hidden crime remains silent road resistance and long, but shall be investigated for criminal responsibility, safeguard the dignity of the victims is no longer a utopia.

【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D995;D998.2
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本文编号：1666729