非国际性武装冲突中国际人道法的适用

发布时间：2018-03-26 07:07

本文选题：非国际性武装冲突　切入点：国际人道法　出处：《华东政法大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：在和平与发展成为当今世界的主题的情况下，国家间诉诸武力的行为明显减少了，但武装冲突的根源却远远未能被消除，尤其是非国际性武装冲突仍旧频繁发生，造成大量平民伤亡或背井离乡，给世界人民带来了深重的苦难。作为保护战争与武装冲突受难者的国际人道法源远流长，在调整战争和国际性武装冲突中发挥着重要的作用，但是面对大量需要保护的非国际性武装冲突中的受难者却因为诸多原因而显得脆弱无力。因而对国际人道法在非国际性武装冲突中的适用问题研究就显得十分必要和迫切。本文共分四章对非国际性武装冲突中国际人道法的适用问题进行了论述：第一章作为概述，首先通过比较法阐释了非国际性武装冲突的内涵，以将其与国际性武装冲突和内部紧张局势相区别；同时，概括介绍了目前国际人道法体系中可以适用于非国际性武装冲突的实体法规则，为下文的进一步分析提供基础；第二章细致全面的探讨了适用于非国际性武装冲突的国际人道法规则，包括1949年8月12日《日内瓦公约》共同第三条、1949年8月12日《日内瓦公约关于保护非国际性武装冲突受难者的第二附加议定书以及具有习惯国际法地位的国际人道主义法规则，论述了这些实体法规则的作用及不足，其中着重研究了在非国际性武装冲突中如何确立习惯国际人道法规则，以及适用国际人道法保护平民的几个关键问题，如平民的定义、战斗员身份、以及直接参与敌对行动等；第三章分析了当前在非国际性武装冲突中适用国际人道法面临的挑战，笔者没有对国际人道法的适用中遇到的普遍性挑战进行论述，而是选取了在非国际性武装冲突中适用国际人道法的特有问题进行论述，即主权国家对在非国际性武装冲突中适用国际人道法的抗拒、国际人道法的适用对国际法体系带来的冲击以及国际人道法有效追诉机制的缺失。针对第三章中论述的适用中面临的挑战，本文在第四章中提出了几点促进国际人道法在非国际性武装冲突中适用和遵守的对策，依次探讨了加强对国际人道法的传播以及营造一种良好的“遵守氛围”，通过主权国家在国内层面的立法及相关机制促进遵守，发挥联合国、红十字国际委员会等国际组织的作用，以及在国际人道法的适用中引入相应的国际人权法保护机制等方式。尽管非国际性武装冲突中国际人道法的实体规范以及实施机制都尚不完善，但这并非是当前国际人道法所面临的最大挑战，，真正的挑战还是缺乏对规则的尊重。本文写作的最终目的是希望我国民众能够不断加深对国际人道法规则的理解和认识，使国际人道法的规则和精神在实践中能够得到最大程度的遵守和执行。
[Abstract]:With peace and development becoming the subject of today's world, the use of force between States has decreased significantly, but the root causes of armed conflicts have far from being eliminated, especially as non-international armed conflicts continue to occur frequently, Causing a large number of civilian casualties or displacement, causing great suffering to the peoples of the world... as the protection of victims of wars and armed conflicts, international humanitarian law has a long history and plays an important role in the adjustment of wars and international armed conflicts, However, in the face of a large number of non-international armed conflicts that need to be protected, the victims are weak for many reasons, so it is necessary and urgent to study the application of international humanitarian law in non-international armed conflicts. This paper discusses the application of international humanitarian law in non-international armed conflicts in four chapters:. The first chapter, as an overview, first explains the meaning of non-international armed conflict through comparative law in order to distinguish it from international armed conflict and internal tension; at the same time, The substantive law rules applicable to non-international armed conflicts in the current system of international humanitarian law are summarized, which provide the basis for further analysis below; Chapter II deals in detail with the rules of international humanitarian law applicable to non-international armed conflicts, Including common article 3 of the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, Protocol II additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 and relating to the protection of victims of non-international armed conflicts and the rules of international humanitarian law having the status of customary international law, Addressing the role and shortcomings of these substantive law rules, which focus on the establishment of customary rules of international humanitarian law in non-international armed conflicts, as well as several key issues in the application of international humanitarian law to the protection of civilians, such as the definition of civilians, Status of combatants and direct participation in hostilities; The third chapter analyzes the challenges of applying international humanitarian law in non-international armed conflicts. The author does not discuss the universal challenges in the application of international humanitarian law. Choosing instead the particular issue of the application of international humanitarian law in non-international armed conflicts, namely, the resistance of sovereign States to the application of international humanitarian law in non-international armed conflicts, The application of international humanitarian law impacts the system of international law and the lack of effective prosecution mechanism of international humanitarian law. In response to the challenges of application discussed in chapter III, this paper proposes in chapter IV several measures to promote the application and observance of international humanitarian law in non-international armed conflicts, Exploring, in turn, the enhancement of the dissemination of international humanitarian law and the creation of a good "climate of compliance" to promote compliance through the legislation and related mechanisms of sovereign States at the domestic level, and to bring into play the United Nations, The role of the International Committee of the Red Cross and other international organizations, and the application of international humanitarian law to introduce the corresponding international human rights law protection mechanism. Although the substantive norms and enforcement mechanisms of international humanitarian law in non-international armed conflicts are not yet perfect, this is not the greatest challenge facing international humanitarian law today, The real challenge is the lack of respect for the rules. The ultimate purpose of this article is to hope that our people will be able to continuously deepen their understanding and understanding of the rules of international humanitarian law. To ensure that the rules and spirit of international humanitarian law are observed and enforced to the maximum extent in practice.
【学位授予单位】：华东政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D998.2

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