国际人权监督机制研究

发布时间：2018-04-02 04:16

本文选题：国际人权监督机制　切入点：存在原因　出处：《吉林大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：尽管部分地区，，如欧洲、美洲和非洲先后建立了区域性人权法院，试图通过区域性人权司法机构促进各国履行尊重和保障人权的义务，但是，在全球层面，保障各国履行尊重和保护人权义务的主要途径依然是国际监督。全球层面的人权监督主要有政治性监督（或依联合国宪章建立的人权监督）以及国际人权条约实施的监督。由于现有的国际人权条约监督机制并不能完全有效地促进各国履行尊重和保障人权义务，所以就十分有必要思考能够促进各国履行人权条约义务的渠道，从而可以完善现有的国际人权条约监督机制，使其发挥更大的作用。本文着重研究需要国际人权监督机制的原因，国际人权监督的主要形式，以及对各国履行尊重和保障人权义务产生的积极与消极影响，探索促进各国履行人权条约义务的渠道，从而完善现有的国际人权条约监督机制。本文运用的主要研究方法有：实证分析方法、比较分析方法、价值分析方法和国际关系理论。其中，本文对国际人权监督的主要形式、缔约国人权义务履行现状等进行实证研究；运用比较分析方法对国际人权监督机制发展的理想方向与现实局限性进行对比；通过价值分析方法对国际人权监督机制发展的理想方向进行界定；运用国际关系理论对需要国际人权监督机制的原因进行归纳。研究的结论主要有：国际社会需要国际人权监督机制，这是因为：无政府的国际社会需要建立秩序，而保护人权是国际秩序的重要方面，国际人权法的落实有赖于各国的执行，国际人权监督机制能够保障各国执行国际人权法。国际人权监督的主要形式有政治监督、全球性法律监督、区域性人权监督。国际人权监督机制发展的理想方向包括：国际人权规范的理想方向和国际人权监督机构的理想方向。其中国际人权规范的理想方向为国际人权文件规定清晰、明确，可操作性增强；权利之间的冲突得到解决；国家的人权义务的来源和内容一致。国际人权监督机构的理想方向为收到决定和解释的一方认为做出决定和解释的程序值得依赖并且有权威性；这种决策程序具备公平的、发展良好的用于受理和解决通过一致的、可信的程序提交的争端的机制等。国际人权监督机制的局限性包括执行措施本身的缺陷、执行措施适用范围的局限和各国在适用人权国际保护执行措施时的种种考虑。国际人权监督机制的完善途径主要有明确人权条约规范、发挥非政府人权组织的监督作用、发挥“人权诊所”的作用及“文化渗透”的积极作用。
[Abstract]:Although regional human rights courts have been established in some regions, such as Europe, the Americas and Africa, in an attempt to promote the fulfilment by States of their obligations to respect and guarantee human rights through regional human rights judicial bodies, at the global level, International monitoring remains the main way to ensure compliance by States with their obligations to respect and protect human rights. Human rights monitoring at the global level is primarily political (or human rights monitoring established in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations) and the reality of international human rights treaties. Since existing international human rights treaty monitoring mechanisms do not contribute fully and effectively to the fulfilment by States of their obligations to respect and guarantee human rights, It is therefore necessary to reflect on the channels through which States can fulfil their obligations under human rights treaties, so as to improve the existing monitoring mechanisms of international human rights treaties, This paper focuses on the reasons for the need for international human rights monitoring mechanisms, the main forms of international human rights monitoring and the positive and negative effects on the fulfilment by States of their obligations to respect and guarantee human rights. To explore the channels to promote the implementation of human rights treaty obligations by States, so as to improve the existing monitoring mechanisms of international human rights treaties. The main research methods used in this paper are: empirical analysis method, comparative analysis method, Value analysis method and international relations theory. Among them, this paper makes an empirical study on the main forms of international human rights monitoring and the status quo of the implementation of human rights obligations of States parties. The ideal direction of the development of international human rights monitoring mechanism is compared with the practical limitation by using the method of comparative analysis, and the ideal direction of the development of international human rights monitoring mechanism is defined by the method of value analysis. Using the theory of international relations to summarize the reasons for the need for international human rights monitoring mechanisms. The main conclusions of the study are: the international community needs international human rights monitoring mechanisms, because the anarchic international community needs to establish order, While the protection of human rights is an important aspect of the international order, the implementation of international human rights law depends on the implementation of the international human rights law. The international human rights monitoring mechanism can guarantee the implementation of international human rights law by States. The main forms of international human rights monitoring are political supervision. Global legal oversight, Regional human rights monitoring. The ideal directions for the development of international human rights monitoring mechanisms include: the ideal direction of international human rights norms and the ideal direction of international human rights monitoring bodies. Clarity, maneuverability, conflict between rights are resolved; The source and content of the human rights obligations of States are consistent. The ideal direction of international human rights monitoring bodies is that the party receiving decisions and interpretations considers the process of making decisions and interpretations to be credible and authoritative; such decision-making processes are fair, Well developed mechanisms for receiving and resolving disputes submitted through consistent and credible procedures... the limitations of international human rights monitoring mechanisms include deficiencies in the implementation of the measures themselves, Limitations of the scope of application of enforcement measures and considerations of States in applying international measures for the protection and enforcement of human rights... the international human rights monitoring mechanisms can be improved mainly by clarifying the norms of human rights treaties and giving play to the supervisory role of non-governmental human rights organizations, Give play to the role of "human rights clinic" and the positive role of "cultural infiltration".
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D998.2

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