中国对日民间索赔中的国家豁免问题研究

发布时间：2018-04-12 07:52

本文选题：民间索赔 + 国家豁免　；参考：《湘潭大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：自1995年以来,中国对日民间索赔诉讼的判决结果几乎无一例使人满意,日本法院以各种理由驳回中国民间受害者的诉讼请求,使民间受害者的合法权益得不到有效救济。面对中国在日本法院民间索赔的现状及法律障碍,笔者就中国民间受害者转向本国法院提起对日索赔诉讼中的主要法律困境即国家豁免问题进行详细阐述,从而为中国对日民间索赔适用国家豁免的例外提供更有力的法理依据。本文通过中日两国的立法、立场来分析中日两国的国家豁免态度。从中国对《联合国国家及其财产豁免公约》的签署以及有关国家豁免的司法实践,可以看出中国坚持绝对豁免是原则,限制豁免是例外。从日本的《日本主权豁免法》以及近年来有关国家豁免的司法实践,可以看出日本倾向于限制豁免主义。而中国对日民间索赔在中国法院的受理,存在着国家豁免是一项古老的习惯法原则的困难,尤其是2012年的德国诉意大利案中,国际法院坚持德国享有国家豁免权以来,对日民间索赔要想在中国法院获得成功,必须突破国家豁免这一古老原则的限制。近年来,尽管国际社会上大多数国家的绝对豁免主义立场开始动摇,先后向限制豁免主义转变,但是各国关于限制豁免的范围没有明确统一的规定,国家豁免规则仍处于一个新旧接替的过渡期。同时,由于《联合国国家及其财产豁免公约》尚未生效,故在国家豁免规则上仍是由习惯法主导,即国家豁免是原则,不豁免是例外。但是,国际社会中民间索赔案不适用国家豁免、支持民间受害者的索赔权也是有司法判例的,如意大利的Ferrini案,希腊的薇奥迪亚县诉德意志联邦共和国案。并且包括日本在内的国际社会在立法上都将领土上的侵权行为、严重侵犯人权的国际罪行、商业行为列入了限制豁免的范围。二战期间,日本在中国实施的慰安妇制度、细菌战、南京大屠杀、强制劳工等属于在中国领土上的侵权行为,是对人权严重侵犯的国际罪行。其中,慰安妇制度、强制劳工在某种程度上还属于可归因于日本的商业行为。因此,中国对日民间索赔诉讼具有适用国家豁免例外的可能性。
[Abstract]:Since 1995, there has been almost no satisfactory result in the judgment of Chinese folk claim litigation against Japan. The Japanese court rejected the lawsuit request of Chinese folk victim for various reasons, so that the legal rights and interests of the folk victim could not be effectively remedied.In the face of the current situation and legal obstacles of China's civil claims in Japanese courts, the author expounds in detail the main legal dilemma in China's civilian victims' turning to their own courts to file claims against Japan, that is, the issue of state immunity.Therefore, it provides a more powerful legal basis for China to apply the exception of state immunity to Japanese folk claims.This paper analyzes the state immunity attitude of China and Japan through the legislation of China and Japan.From China's signing of the United Nations Convention on immunity of States and their property and judicial practice on state immunity, we can see that China adheres to the principle of absolute immunity, while the restriction of immunity is the exception.From Japan's "Japan's sovereign immunity law" and the judicial practice of state immunity in recent years, it can be seen that Japan tends to restrict immunity doctrine.However, in the case of Germany v. Italy in the 2012 case of Germany v. Italy, the International Court of Justice has insisted that Germany enjoys state immunity, and that there are difficulties in the handling of Chinese civilian claims against Japan in Chinese courts, because state immunity is an ancient principle of customary law, especially since the International Court of Justice insisted that Germany enjoy state immunity.In order to succeed in Chinese courts, civil claims against Japan must break through the old principle of state immunity.In recent years, although the position of absolute immunity of the majority of countries in the international community has begun to waver and gradually shifted to the doctrine of limiting immunity, there is no clear and uniform provision on the scope of the restriction of immunity.The rules on State immunity are still in a transitional period for new and old replacements.At the same time, since the United Nations Convention on the Immunities of States and their property has not yet entered into force, the rules of State immunity are still governed by customary law, that is, State immunity is the principle and non-immunity is the exception.However, civil claims in the international community do not apply to state immunity, and there are judicial precedents to support civil victims' claims, such as the case of Ferrini in Italy, the case of Vidia County in Greece v. the Federal Republic of Germany.And the international community, including Japan, legislates to include territorial violations, international crimes of gross human rights violations, and commercial acts within the scope of restricted immunity.During World War II, Japan's comfort women system, germ warfare, Nanjing Massacre, forced labor and other violations in Chinese territory were serious international crimes against human rights.Among them, the comfort women system, forced labor, to some extent, can also be attributed to Japan's business practices.Therefore, China's civil claims against Japan have the possibility of applying exceptions to state immunity.
【学位授予单位】：湘潭大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D99

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