国际法视野下的农民权保护研究

发布时间：2018-04-16 15:09

本文选题：农民权 + 农民特权　；参考：《浙江工商大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：随着生物技术迅猛发展,遗传资源的巨大价值得到体现,国际社会不断深入对生物与遗传资源保护研究。在研究中,各国发现农民权问题成为无法回避的问题。农民权的概念,首先在国际粮农组织的第5/89号文件中提出,之后,在《粮食和农业植物遗传资源国际条约》中正式确定,并被国际社会所广泛接受。国际社会认可了所有地区的农民,尤其是原产地中心和作物多样性中心的农民过去、目前和未来在保护和开发植物遗传资源方面所做出的巨大贡献,但是农民作出了巨大贡献的权利处于缺失状态,农民权概念正是基于这种事实而被提出的。发达国家的育种者享受着利用植物遗传资源所产生的惠益,但作为遗传资源提供者的发展中国家的农民却难以分享到这些惠益,可以说,发展中国家及其传统农民强烈要求分享利用植物遗传资源所产生惠益,这才有了农民权的提出。农民权问题主要涉及植物遗传资源及相关传统知识的保护和利益分享,是当前发展中国家和发达国家争论的焦点之一。农民权问题因为涉及的植物遗传资源及相关传统知识的保护和利益分享,所以其本身的权利属性需要确定。而由于生物技术发展,使得植物的新品种不断诞生,而西方发达国家在不断强化知识产权的过程当中,依靠先进的技术,成为最大的收益者。发展中国家强调农民权,以此达到合理分享植物遗传资源所带来的利益,而发达国家却不愿看到一种具有知识产权属性的农民权的存在因此,他们只承认农民权是一种道德和政治上的权利,把农民权混为农民特权。国际粮农组织给出的关于农民权的定义中,也没有明确指出农民权的权利属性,这就使得农民权的争论继续存在下去。农民权问题不但涉及其本身权利属性的确定,更为关键的是对农民权所涉及的植物遗传资源及相关传统知识的保护和利益分享,即需要对农民权进行保护。农民权的保护包括两大部分,一为国际保护,二为国家保护。农民权并不像其他的法律问题,其他法律问题开始先被国内法调整,然后被国际法调整,属于“由内而外”,从农民权发展的历史我们可以看出,而农民权一开始就是从国际法上诞生,之后被各国所接受,属于“由外而内”。因此对农民权的国际法下保护的研究就十分必要,国际保护主要体现在国际公约、国际组织对于农民权进行的保护,本文分析了农民权在《粮食和农业植物遗传资源国际条约》、《生物多样性公约》、《国际植物新品种保护公约》、世界贸易组织、世界知识产权组织等不同公约及组织下所受到的保护。我国国土辽阔,海域宽广,自然条件复杂多样,加之有较古老的地质历史,孕育了极其丰富的植物、动物和微生物物种,极其繁复多彩的生态组合,使我国成为全球生物多样性最为丰富的国家之一。作为一个历史悠久的文明古国,中国在数千年的农业生产中积累了丰富的传统知识、创新和实践。但是一方面我国遗传资源流失的现象非常严重,另一方面,我国对于农民权保护却尚在起步阶段,无法有效地维护我国利益。外国的国内法已经开始对农民权进行专门的规定,由于时间不长,并非所有国家都进行专门的立法规定,但是从趋势上看,国内法的保护是极其有必要的,因为它是对于国际公约的确认和细化。因此本文建议我国一方面能够对农民权进行专门的立法,而不是对某个法律进行“修修补补”,在对农民权进行专门保护是有必要通过农民团体,使得农民能够充分地参与其中；另一方面积极加入对农民权保护的国际公约,能够参与到国际社会对于农民权的保护,以便保护我国的利益,并利用多边体制分享技术、惠益
[Abstract]:With the rapid development of biotechnology, genetic resources of great value to be reflected in the international society and the deepening of research on biological genetic resources protection. In the study, we discover that the issue of farmers' rights is an unavoidable problem. The concept of farmers' rights, after the first in the FAO Document No. 5/89 proposed, formally identified in "international food and agricultural plant genetic resources treaty", and is widely accepted by the international community.
The international community recognized all the farmers in the area, especially the center of origin and diversity center of crop farmers in the past, at present and in the making of plant genetic resources protection and development aspects of the future great contribution, but farmers have made great contributions in the absence of state rights, farmers' rights concept is based on the facts which are put forward. The developed countries enjoy breeders produced by plant genetic resources benefit, but as providers of genetic resources of farmers in developing countries are difficult to share these benefits, it can be said that the developing countries and the traditional farmers demand sharing and utilization of plant genetic resources benefits arising from this has been put forward, farmers' rights.
The issue of farmers' rights mainly related to plant genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge protection and benefit sharing, is the current focus of developing and developed countries argue. The issue of farmers' rights for the conservation of plant genetic resources and related to traditional knowledge and benefit sharing, the right attribute itself need to be determined. Due to the development of biotechnology. The new varieties of plants have been born, and western developed countries in the process of strengthening intellectual property rights, relying on advanced technology, has become the largest beneficiaries. Developing countries stressed farmers' rights, in order to achieve a reasonable share of the benefits of plant genetic resources, while the developed countries are reluctant to see a character of intellectual property right of farmers rights the presence of so they only admit the farmers' rights is a kind of moral and political rights, the right of farmers to mix for farmers are the privilege. In the definition of farmers' rights, the rights attribute of peasant rights is not clearly pointed out by the organization, which makes the debate on the rights of farmers continue to exist.
To determine the issue of farmers' rights not only relates to its own property rights, more critical is involved in the protection of farmers' rights on plant genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge and benefit sharing, which needs to carry on the protection of farmers' rights. The protection of farmers' rights include two parts, one for the international protection for farmers' rights and the protection of the state. Unlike other legal issues and other legal issues started by domestic law, international law is then adjusted to "inside out", the development of farmers' rights from the history we can see that the farmers' rights is the beginning from international law after birth, accepted by all the countries, belong to "from outside to inside". So the study of international law on the protection of farmers' rights under the necessary international protection is mainly reflected in the international convention, the international organization for the protection of farmers' rights, this paper analyzes the farmers' rights in "food and agricultural planting The International Convention on genetic resources, including the Convention on biological diversity, the International Convention on the protection of new varieties of plants, the protection of different conventions and organizations such as the World Trade Organization and the world intellectual property organization.
China has a vast land, sea area is vast, natural condition is complicated, and the geological history of the older, gave birth to the extremely rich plant, animal and microbial species, ecological combination very complicated and colorful, make our country become the world's biological diversity is most abundant in the country. As a long history of civilization China, has accumulated a wealth of traditional knowledge in the thousands of years of agricultural production, innovation and practice. But in our country the loss of genetic resources is very serious, on the other hand, China's farmers' rights protection is still in the initial stage, unable to effectively safeguard the interests of our country. Foreign domestic law has begun special provisions on the right of farmers, because not long, not all countries have special legislation, but from the trend, the protection of domestic law is very necessary, because it is for the International Convention Confirmation and refinement.
Therefore, it is proposed that China hand can carry out specialized law on Farmers' rights, rather than a legal "tinkering", in the special protection of farmers' rights is necessary by peasant groups, enabling farmers to fully participate in them; on the other hand actively join the International Convention on the protection of farmers' rights, can to participate in the international community for the protection of farmers' rights, in order to protect the interests of our nation and the multilateral system to share technology, benefit

【学位授予单位】：浙江工商大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D998.2

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