GATS下国家互联网审查行为的挑战

发布时间：2018-04-22 05:30

  本文选题：互联网审查行为 + GATS规则　； 参考：《山东大学》2016年硕士论文

【摘要】：互联网服务已经深入到人们生活的各个方面,它几乎可以将所有的内容随时随地传播到世界的每一个角落。科技的发展进步,使得个人和公司都成为潜在的跨国服务提供者和服务接受者。网络在日益展现其强大魅力的同时,也逐渐暴露出潜在的威胁：一些黄色、暴力信息通过网络传播泛滥,影响未成年人的价值观；极端主义分子借助网络传播极端恐怖主义思想,通过网络组织、发动暴乱,威胁人们的人身安全；网络监管的漏洞,使得网民个人信息以及重要资料频频泄露；由于网络黑客的入侵,国家的安全与利益面临前所未有的威胁。这些事件的发生,使得人们不得不考虑网络的安全问题,甚至需要对网络采取一定的限制措施。因而,越来越多的国家参与到网络审查的行列中来,采用各种审查手段,屏蔽、过滤或是建立专门的机构对互联网进行监管。各国实施的互联网的审查之所以会影响到国际服务贸易的发展,缘于近年来互联网的普及应用渗透到国际服务贸易领域,如今不仅像美国、英国这样的发达国家利用互联网进行服务贸易,中国作为发展中国家也将互联网与国际服务贸易进行了有效整合。总体来看,国际服务贸易借助互联网平台的发展已经成为趋势,而且极有可能成为未来国际服务贸易的主要形式。在我们认可以及赞赏互联网为国际服务贸易带来新机遇的同时,也必须意识到互联网审查已愈来愈普遍,审查手段和标准日趋严格,这些措施不可避免地对国际服务贸易产生了一定程度的阻碍,导致由互联网审查引起的国际服务贸易争端逐渐增多。在国际社会,《服务贸易总协定》(即GATS)作为规范国际服务贸易的多边贸易协议,具有重要的指导作用,为实现国际服务贸易的自由化作出了重要的贡献。当成员国之间发生服务贸易冲突时,GATS往往成为裁判的依据,而且得到世界大多数国家的广泛认可。成员国采取的互联网审查措施往往容易违反GATS的相关规则,比如市场准入原则、国民待遇原则和透明度原则等。而双方争论的焦点往往在于一国采取的网络审查措施是否违反GATS规则,这一点同样也是争端解决的关键。本文通过与国家互联网审查相关的国际服务贸易案例,分析互联网审查行为违反GATS规则Ⅲ,Ⅵ,ⅩⅥ, ⅩⅦ的具体情形。同时,简单探讨如何获得有效的法律救济。最后,文章落脚于中国目前互联网审查在国际服务贸易中面临的挑战及其应对措施。本文共分五部分,第一部分主要介绍本文的选题来源、研究现状以及研究方法；第二部分主要介绍互联网审查；第三部分结合国际服务贸易中与互联网审查相关的典型案例,分析互联网审查违反GATS规则Ⅲ,Ⅳ,ⅩⅥ,ⅩⅦ的情形；第四部分针对第三部的冲突,提出具体的救济措施；第五部分论述当前中国互联网审查的相关法律文件、面临的挑战及其对策。
[Abstract]:Internet services have penetrated into all aspects of people's lives, it can almost all content spread to every corner of the world at any time. Advances in technology have enabled individuals and companies to become potential transnational service providers and service recipients. At the same time, the network gradually exposed the potential threats: some yellow, violent information spread through the network flooding, affecting the values of minors; Extremists use the network to spread extremist terrorist ideas, organize through the network, launch riots, threaten people's personal safety, network supervision loopholes, make Internet users personal information and important information leaked frequently; As a result of the network hacker's invasion, the national security and the interest faces the unprecedented threat. The occurrence of these events makes people have to consider the network security issues, and even need to take certain restrictions on the network. As a result, more and more countries participate in the ranks of network censorship, using various means of censorship, blocking, filtering or establishing specialized agencies to regulate the Internet. The reason why the censorship of the Internet implemented by various countries will affect the development of international trade in services is that the popularization of the Internet has penetrated into the field of international trade in services in recent years, not only in the United States, but also in the United States. Developed countries such as Britain use the Internet to trade in services, and China, as a developing country, integrates the Internet effectively with international trade in services. In general, the development of international trade in services with the help of Internet platforms has become a trend, and it is very likely to become the main form of international trade in services in the future. While we recognize and appreciate the new opportunities that the Internet presents for international trade in services, we must also be aware that Internet censorship has become increasingly common and that censorship instruments and standards have become increasingly stringent, These measures inevitably hinder the international trade in services to a certain extent and lead to the increasing number of disputes caused by Internet censorship. In the international community, the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), as a multilateral trade agreement regulating international trade in services, plays an important guiding role and has made important contributions to the liberalization of international trade in services. When there is a conflict of trade in services between member countries, GATS is often the basis of adjudication, and is widely accepted by most countries in the world. Internet censorship measures taken by member countries are often prone to violate GATS rules, such as market access, national treatment and transparency. The dispute over whether a country's cyber censorship measures violate GATS rules is also key to dispute resolution. Based on the cases of international trade in services related to national Internet censorship, this paper analyzes the specific cases of violations of GATS rules 鈪，

本文编号：1785827