欧洲人权法个人申诉机制研究

发布时间：2018-04-25 15:14

本文选题：个人申诉 + 人权法院　；参考：《山东大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：现代国家中,保障人权已经成为一项国际共识,对人权的保护不仅仅是国内法的重要内容,是衡量一个国家法制完善与否的重要标志,是衡量一个国家是否实行法治的重要衡量手段：而且是国际法的重要内容,而且相对于国内法对人权保护的不完善的现状相比,国际法尤其是区域法的步伐更为快一些。欧洲是人权思想的发源地,自古以来就一直有保护人权的传统与实践。而与此同时,两次世界大战都策源于欧洲,两次世界大战的教训也促使人们认识到,只有保护人权,抑制专制与独裁,才能保持长久的和平与安定。二战后不久,在丘吉尔的号召下,西欧的战胜国便建立了泛欧洲组织,1948年建立了欧洲理事会,并起草了《欧洲人权公约》,公约于1950年生效。根据欧洲人权公约建立了两个人权保护的执行机构,即欧洲人权委员会与欧洲人权法院。欧洲人权法院从建立到现在的日臻成熟阶段,经历了以下几个发展阶段：首先是建立初期,欧洲人权法院于1959年建立,欧洲人权法院建立后,在人权的保护方面发挥了不可替代的作用,但由于第一是到欧洲人权法院申诉的增长使得案件的处理速度非常慢；缔约国的增加使得这个问题变得更加严峻；第二是欧洲人权法院和欧洲人权委员会的非常设性与在审理程序上的重复导致审理速度缓慢；第三是成员国希望公约的监督机构更具有独立的司法机构的性质；第四是改善个人申诉的处境。于是1998年欧洲人权法院经过改革进入了新的阶段,也就是它的第二个阶段,经过改革,欧洲人权法院在以下几个方面实现了突破：首先,也是最主要的,是关于个人方面的,个人有权直接提出申诉,而无需有关成员国声明接受。通过这一改革,使得个人的人权申诉现状得以较大改善。因为它给与个人以完全的诉权,从而也使得人权法院成为名副其实的保护人权的机构；其次是法院由临时性变为常设性的,因而有助于案件的快速高效率的审理；第三是控制体系的三合为一,完全司法化。改革撤销了委员会,并取消了部长委员会在决定案件方面的权力,将其限定为监督法院判决的执行。设立由常设法官组成的、由法官助理协助的唯一的常设法院。然而1998年的改革在人权法院实施了6年之后仍然有许多难以克服的问题,其中加强国内救济以减少案件的数量以及如何能够更快捷的筛选案件以及处理案件等问题亟待解救,于是在多方的呼声下,2004年欧洲人权法院进行了第二次改革,虽然欧洲人权法院经过两次改革已经取得了长足的进步,但是仍然存在着这样那样的的问题,最突出的问题便是案件的积压问题仍然很突出,但是,尽管如此,欧洲人权法院的模式对于各国人民更好的保护自己的人权有着重要的作用,对于人权现状较为一般的中国来说,更具有价值和意义；仿照欧洲人权法院的模型,现在已经建立了非洲人权法院与美洲人权法院,有学者建议,亚洲人权法院的建立也应该指日可待,那么在建立亚洲人权法院的时候,欧洲人权法院,尤其是欧洲人权法院中的个人申诉机制对于我们日后建立亚洲人权法院以及亚洲人权法院的个人申诉机制更具有参考价值与借鉴意义!
[Abstract]:In modern countries, the protection of human rights has become an international consensus. The protection of human rights is not only an important part of domestic law, but also an important symbol to measure the perfection of a country's legal system. It is an important measure to measure the rule of law in a country. It is also an important content of international law and is relative to human rights in domestic law. In comparison with the imperfect situation of protection, the pace of international law, especially the regional law, is more rapid. Europe is the birthplace of human rights ideas, and since ancient times there has been a tradition and practice of protecting human rights. At the same time, the two world war has been rooted in Europe, and the lessons of the two world war have also prompted people to realize that only the protection of human rights is known. Under the call of Churchill, the European Council established the European Council in 1948, and the European Convention on human rights was drafted and the Convention entered into force in 1950. Two executive machines for the protection of human rights were established in accordance with the European Convention on human rights. The European Human Rights Court (European Human Rights Commission) and the European Court of human rights (European Court of human rights) have experienced the following stages of development from the establishment of the European Court of human rights to the present. First, the European Court of human rights was established in 1959. After the establishment of the European Court of human rights, the European Court of human rights has played an irreplaceable role in the protection of human rights, but it is the first one. The increase in the appeal of the European Court of human rights has made the handling of the case very slow; the increase in the State Party has made the problem more serious; second is the very low speed of the European human rights court and the European Commission on human rights in the trial procedure; and the third is that member states want the supervision of the Convention. The organization has a more independent nature of the judiciary; fourth is to improve the situation of individual complaints. In 1998, the European Court of human rights entered a new stage, that is, its second stages. After the reform, the European Court of human rights has achieved breakthroughs in the following aspects: first, and most important, on the individual aspects. The individual has the right to direct a complaint directly without the need for a declaration by the member states. Through this reform, the individual's human rights appeal has been greatly improved, because it gives the individual a complete litigious right and makes the court of human rights a real institution for the protection of human rights; secondly, the court has changed from temporary to permanent nature. As a result, it contributes to the quick and efficient trial of the case; third is the three of the control system and the complete judicature. The reform revoked the Committee and abolished the authority of the Council of ministers to determine the case, and limited it to the enforcement of the court's judgment. The Permanent Court of justice. However, the 1998 reform still has many unconquered problems after the implementation of the human rights court for 6 years. The issue of strengthening domestic relief to reduce the number of cases and how to be able to screen cases and deal with cases is urgently needed to be saved. In many cases, the European Court of human rights in 2004 has carried out in the voice of the European Court of human rights. In the second reform, although the European Court of human rights has made great progress after two reforms, the problem still exists, and the most prominent problem is that the backlog of cases is still outstanding, however, the model of the European Court of human rights is better for the people of all countries to protect their human rights. The important role is of greater value and significance for China, which is more common to the human rights situation. Following the model of the European Court of human rights, the African human rights court and the American court of human rights have now been established, and some scholars suggest that the establishment of the Asian court of human rights should also be available, and then, when the Asian human rights court is established, Europe will be established. The personal appeal mechanism of the human rights court, especially the European Court of human rights, has more reference value and reference for the establishment of the individual appeals mechanism of the Asian human rights court and the Asian human rights court in the future.

【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D998.2

【参考文献】