应对跨国污染转移的法律对策研究

发布时间：2018-04-27 11:26

本文选题：跨国污染转移 + 责任承担　；参考：《吉林大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：跨国污染转移全球经济一体化的产物，是发达国家和发展中国家通过经济贸易和技术投资活动实现的。发达国家为达到降低生产成本，转移污染治理责任的目的，向标准较低的发展中国家输出污染物、污染产品和设备以及污染行业的。发展中国家经济相对落后，环境标准远远低于发达国家，迫于急切发展本国经济的压力，发展中国家一般采取先污染后治理的发展道路。这就给发达国家转移污染提供了可乘之机。跨国污染转移的初期，人类并没有意识到这一威胁的严重性。在频繁往来的贸易活动中，发达国家输出产品和技术，不仅降低了生产成本，而且扩大了市场；发展中国家通过引进外资和技术，加快了自身的经济发展。表面上看来，这在一定程度上实现了资源的优化配置，互利互赢，但实际上是对发展中国家生态环境的一种肆意侵害。主要体现在发达国家将本国禁止或淘汰的污染物、污染产品和设备以及污染行业大肆输入到发展中国家，使得发展中国家的资源环境遭受到空前严峻的挑战。我国作为发展中国家的一员，自改革开放以来经济快速开展，特别是加入WTO以后，国际贸易迅猛发展。因片面追求经济的快速发展，我国忽略了环境保护的重要性。发达国家向我国转移污染的行为越来越严重，致使我国环境遭受严重破坏，大量自然资源被浪费，当地居民的生命健康受到威胁。更重要的是严重削弱了我国经济的发展潜力，可持续发展受到阻碍。因此，正确认识跨国污染转移，有效防范跨国污染转移带来的环境问题已成为众多发展中国家共同关心的问题，也成为我国亟待解决的环境问题。本文分三章来分析探讨跨国污染转移的相关问题及法律对策：第一章阐述跨国污染转移的概念及产生原因。跨国污染转移是指一国对其所造成的污染没有从根本上消除，而是从本国转移到他国，使污染蔓延扩散到他国形成新的污染危害的社会行为，它是在人为控制下造成的污染后果和污染责任的转移。通过对跨国污染转移概念的研究分析，讨论了构成跨国污染转移的四个构成要件，即主体要件，主观要件，客体要件以及客观要件。同时，对跨国污染转移的形成经济原因和法律原因进行了简单分析，进而认清污染转移的本质，即发达国家利用政治经济的相对优势肆意侵害发展中国家的环境平等权。第二章重点分析了跨国污染转移的三种主要表现形式，即转移污染物、污染产品和设备以及污染密集型产业。随之简要分析了跨国污染转移的三种责任承担形式。关于跨国污染转移行为的责任承担形式，我国主要是通过让致害者承担环境责任的方式来实现。按照环境法学界的普遍理解，环境责任是环境民事责任、环境行政责任和环境刑事责任的集合体。具体而言，我国对跨国污染的规制主要是通过相关法律进行，如民法、行政法和刑法等，借以明确污染转移的行为人的相关责任。第三章环境问题不仅仅是某国某地区的特有问题，而是全世界应该共同重视共同承担的问题。通过对控制跨国污染转移的国际立法的详细介绍，例如：为制止跨国污染而制定的《巴塞尔公约》，为保护臭氧层而制定的《保护臭氧层维也纳公约》和《关于消耗臭氧层物质的蒙特利尔议定书》，为阻止全球变暖而制定的《联合国气候变化框架公约》、《京都议定书》和《哥本哈根协议》等，引出我国的环境立法现状。对我国相关法律体系做了梳理之后，分析我国现行控制跨国污染转移法律体系的两方面不足和缺陷：相关法律体系不统一，环境标准体系不完善。通过对这两方面缺陷的认真分析研究，随即有针对性的给出统一法律控制体系和完善环境标准体系的两点相关建议，以完善我国控制跨国污染转移的法律体系。总之，跨国污染转移使得我国环境受到严重破坏，同时也严重影响了我国的可持续发展战略。面临污染转移的严峻挑战，必须强化环保意识，，加强相关法律法规的完善。必须让污染转移主体切实承担相应的责任才能有效遏制跨国污染转移行为给我国环境带来的严重不良影响，从而更加有利于公平保障受害者的权益，积极保护国际环境安全。笔者真诚希望通过该文的撰写，能为逐步消除我国对外贸易发展过程中的污染转移尽上一份微薄之力。
[Abstract]:In order to reduce the production cost and transfer the pollution control responsibility , developed countries export pollutants , pollution products and equipment and polluting industries to lower standard developing countries . The developing countries are relatively backward and the environmental standards are much lower than that of developed countries . In developing countries , the development path of post - pollution control is generally adopted . This provides a multiplier for the transfer of pollution to developed countries .

In the early days of transnational pollution transfer , mankind did not realize the seriousness of this threat . In frequent trade activities , developed countries output products and technologies , not only to reduce the production cost , but also to expand the market ;
By introducing foreign capital and technology , developing countries have accelerated their own economic development . On the surface , this has realized the optimal allocation of resources , mutual benefit and mutual benefit , but in fact is a wanton violation of the ecological environment of developing countries . It is mainly reflected in the developed countries to put their own banned or eliminated pollutants , pollution products and equipment and polluting industries into developing countries , so that the resource environment of developing countries has been faced with unprecedented challenges .

As a member of developing countries , China ' s rapid economic development since the reform and opening up , especially after China ' s entry into WTO , the international trade has developed rapidly . As a result of the rapid development of China ' s economy , China has ignored the importance of environmental protection .

In this paper , three chapters are divided into three chapters to analyze the related problems and legal countermeasures of transnational pollution transfer :

Chapter 1 illustrates the concept of transnational pollution transfer and its causes . The transfer of transnational pollution means that the pollution caused by one country is not fundamentally eliminated , but it is transferred from home country to other country . It is the transfer of pollution and pollution responsibility caused by man - made control .

The second chapter focuses on three main forms of transnational pollution transfer , namely , transfer of pollutants , pollution products and equipment and pollution - intensive industries .

In chapter 3 , the environmental problem is not only a specific problem in a certain region of a country , but the whole world should pay attention to the shared responsibility .

In conclusion , the transfer of transnational pollution has caused serious damage to our environment and seriously affected our country ' s sustainable development strategy . It is necessary to strengthen the awareness of environmental protection and strengthen the perfection of relevant laws and regulations .

【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D996.9

【参考文献】