论“共同但有区别责任原则”面临的新挑战及其应对

发布时间：2018-05-01 02:22

本文选题：气候变化 + 气候国际合作机制　；参考：《湘潭大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：气候问题是当今人类社会面临的重要考验，其关系到全球的发展问题，甚至是人类的生存问题。自1992年《联合国气候变化框架公约》以来共同但有区别责任原则逐步被确立为国际气候合作的重要原则，1997年的《京都议定书》作为一项真正具备法律约束力的文件，完全贯彻了共同但有区别责任原则，原则的发展与应用到了一个新的高度。但《京都议定书》自签订后，遭遇发达国家的重重阻力，尤其是2009年哥本哈根气候大会以来，尽管每年气候大会都在资金援助和技术转让等方面达成一定成果，却无法通过有真正有拘束力的法律文，这说明共同但有区别责任原则往模糊方向的发展，其在气候国际合作中的作用将有可能逐步降低，并且原则正面临着各种新情况变化的挑战。笔者认为，共同但有区别责任原则目前还需要发展和完善，《京都议定书》确立的强制减排义务如果不能坚持，很难从根本上防止气候问题的恶化，而《京都议定书》效力如果进一步退化，将极有可能导致整个气候国际合作工作的倒退。从目前的情况看，气候国际合作面临很多新的困难，因此有必要对当前的问题进行一定的总结，并寻求相应的解决方法。本文第一章为绪论，阐述选题来源及选题意义、国内外的研究现状。第二章对新挑战的客体——共同但有区别责任原则本身的涵义及其价值基础进行分析，对其必要性进行论证，并将原则的产生于发展历程做一个简单整理。第三章对原则理论方面面临的挑战进行分析，包括气候怀疑论的兴起以及原则本身面临的完善的压力两个方面。第四章对原则在政治方面遇到的新挑战进行分析，包括发达国家的单方退出气候国际合作机制的行为以及气候谈判中的僵局两个方面，并从国际法制和国际政治两个方面分析其产生的原因。第五章从经济方面分析原则受到的新挑战，，包括2012年欧盟征收碳关税表现出的单方贸易措施对原则的冲击，以及企业在气候国际合作中所起的阻力两个方面，并分析背后产生的原因。第六章提出应对挑战的措施。第一部分是具体的措施建议，首先从共同但有区别责任原则本身完善入手，其次是从国际环境法制的完善入手，第三是从国际政治的角度，强调南北国家间的对话与合作，第四从经济的角度提出完善碳排放市场机制的建议。第二部分提出我国在气候应对中应该采取的立场，包括坚决维护共同但有区别责任原则，维护发展中国家的利益以及自身主动承担与自己能力相符的责任几个方面。
[Abstract]:Climate problem is an important test that human society faces today. It is related to the global development problem and even the human survival problem. Since the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate change, the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities has gradually been established as an important principle of international climate cooperation and the 1997 Kyoto Protocol as a truly legally binding instrument, Full implementation of the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, the development and application of the principle to a new height. However, since the signing of the Kyoto Protocol, it has encountered heavy resistance from developed countries, especially since the Copenhagen Climate Conference in 2009, although the annual climate conference has achieved certain results in terms of financial assistance and technology transfer. The inability to adopt a truly binding legal text suggests that the development of the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities in a vague direction will make it possible to gradually reduce its role in international cooperation on climate, And principles are facing the challenge of changing new circumstances. The author believes that the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities still needs to be developed and perfected at present. If the mandatory emission reduction obligations established in the Kyoto Protocol are not adhered to, it will be difficult to fundamentally prevent the deterioration of the climate problem. A further deterioration in the effectiveness of the Kyoto Protocol would most likely lead to a setback in international cooperation on climate as a whole. From the current situation, international climate cooperation faces many new difficulties, so it is necessary to summarize the current problems and seek corresponding solutions. The first chapter is the introduction, which explains the origin and significance of the topic, and the research status at home and abroad. The second chapter analyzes the meaning and value basis of the principle of common but differentiated responsibility, demonstrates its necessity, and makes a simple arrangement of its emergence in the course of development. The third chapter analyzes the challenges to the theory of principle, including the rise of climate scepticism and the pressure of perfection of the principle itself. Chapter IV analyses new political challenges to the principles, including the unilateral withdrawal of developed countries from the international climate cooperation mechanism and the stalemate in climate negotiations, And from the international legal system and international politics two aspects of analysis of its causes. Chapter V analyzes new challenges to the principles from the economic perspective, including the impact of unilateral trade measures imposed by the European Union on carbon tariffs in 2012, and the resistance of enterprises to international cooperation on climate. And analyze the reasons behind the production. Chapter VI proposes measures to deal with the challenges. The first part is specific measures, starting with the perfection of the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities itself, the perfection of the international environmental legal system, and the third, the emphasis on dialogue and cooperation between the North and the South from the perspective of international politics. Fourth, from the economic point of view to improve the carbon emissions market mechanism. The second part puts forward our country's position in climate response, including firmly upholding the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, safeguarding the interests of developing countries and taking the initiative to take on the responsibility in line with our own capabilities.
【学位授予单位】：湘潭大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D996.9

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