论北极公海渔业资源保护制度的构建

发布时间：2018-05-08 18:27

本文选题：北极公海 + 渔业资源　；参考：《安徽大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：气候变化在北极地区的影响凸显,2016年夏季海冰面积为1025万平方公里,'每年海冰消失面积的平均值几乎等于一个印度,美国国家海洋与大气管理局曾发布报告称,三十几年后,北冰洋将迎来"无冰之夏",这就为北极公海渔业捕捞活动创造天然的条件。目前北极公海适宜捕捞的水域面积达到50%,且这一比例呈上升趋势。北极未来出现的新渔场必是各国瞩目的焦点。近年来,围绕着北极公海渔业资源,一场无硝烟的争夺战已经打响,北极公海渔业资源属于"公共财产资源",具有非排他性和竞争性,因此容易产生"公地悲剧",再加上北极地区机制的弊端,使得争端不可避免。各国在北极地区的频繁出没使得该地区处于一种箭在弦上的紧张态势,为了避免"公地悲剧",实现渔业的可持续发展,北极公海海域急待相应渔业管理措施的出台。北极区域性政治合作起步较慢,北极公海渔业管理体系不统一,但是北极公海作为世界海洋的一部分,涉及海洋方面的国际法都适用于它。目前北极公海渔业资源保护制度的内容包括全球性国际公约,其中以《联合国海洋法公约》为主,还有区域性公约、双边条约,但是《联合国海洋法公约》作为全球性公约,对全球范围内的海洋自上而下的整体性规制,因此不能针对性的解决北极公海渔业所面临的具体问题;北极海域的双边、多边条约,是针对不同的鱼种及部分沿海国的专属经济区进行规制,且区域覆盖有"盲点"或"重叠";当前北极公海海域没有"一统全局"的渔业管理组织及渔业协定。无论是全球性公约、区域性公约、双边条约都存在着这样那样的缺憾,难以真正实现对北极公海渔业的保护,结合目前北极的国际环境及北极公海渔业资源"公共财产资源"的属性,秉持着"联合开发、共同管理"的思想,可以将北极海域全面实施的《联合国海洋法公约》作为过渡性措施,完善其相关规定,等时机成熟时,可以借鉴《南极海域海洋生物资源养护公约》的亮点,构建《北极海域海洋生物资源养护公约》,为北极公海渔业资源的可持续利用提供系统性、针对性的法律制度。中国作为近北极国家,应当充分利用好这一契机,多角度、多途径参与北极事务,积极推动《联合国海洋法公约》的完善,踊跃地参与相关渔业管理机制的构建,在北极公海渔业资源保护制度构建过程中,发表自己的建议,积极推动北极公海渔业协议的出台,促进北极公海渔业的国际化,加速国内立法进程,提高北极科考能力,最大程度维护我国北极权益。
[Abstract]:The impact of climate change in the Arctic is highlighted, with an annual average of 10.25 million square kilometers of sea ice lost in the summer of 2016 almost equal to that of an Indian, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has reported that more than 30 years later, The Arctic Ocean will usher in an ice-free summer, creating natural conditions for Arctic high seas fishing. At present, the area of the Arctic high seas suitable for fishing reaches 50 percent, and this proportion is on the rise. New fishing grounds in the Arctic are bound to be the focus of attention. In recent years, a battle has been launched around the Arctic high seas fishery resources, which are "public property resources" and are non-exclusive and competitive. Therefore, the tragedy of the Commons, coupled with the malpractice of the Arctic regime, makes the dispute inevitable. The frequent occurrence of countries in the Arctic region makes the region in a tense situation. In order to avoid the tragedy of the common land and realize the sustainable development of fisheries, the relevant fishery management measures are urgently needed in the Arctic high seas. The Arctic regional political cooperation starts slowly, and the high seas fisheries management system is not uniform. However, the Arctic high seas as a part of the world's oceans, the international law related to the sea are applicable to it. The current regime for the protection of high seas fisheries resources in the Arctic includes global international conventions, mainly the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, regional conventions and bilateral treaties, but the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea is a global convention. The global regulation of the oceans from top to bottom does not address the specific problems faced by Arctic high seas fisheries; bilateral, multilateral treaties in Arctic waters, It is to regulate the exclusive economic zone of different species and some coastal States, and there are "blind spots" or "overlaps" in the region. There are no fishery management organizations and fishery agreements in the Arctic high seas. Whether it is a global convention, a regional convention, or a bilateral treaty, there are some shortcomings, and it is difficult to truly protect the high seas fisheries in the Arctic. Considering the current international environment of the Arctic and the attributes of the "public property resources" of the Arctic high seas fishery resources, and adhering to the idea of "joint development and joint management", The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, which has been fully implemented in the Arctic area, may be used as a transitional measure to improve its relevant provisions, and when the time is ripe, the bright spots of the Convention on the Conservation of living Marine Resources in Antarctic Sea areas can be drawn upon, To construct the Convention on the Conservation of Marine living Resources in the Arctic Sea to provide a systematic and targeted legal system for the sustainable use of fishery resources in the Arctic high seas. As a country near the Arctic, China should make full use of this opportunity, participate in Arctic affairs from various angles and ways, actively promote the perfection of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, and actively participate in the construction of relevant fisheries management mechanisms. In the course of the construction of the Arctic high seas fishery resources protection system, we should issue our own suggestions, actively promote the promulgation of the Arctic high seas fisheries agreement, promote the internationalization of the Arctic high seas fisheries, accelerate the domestic legislative process, and improve the Arctic scientific research capability. To maximize the protection of China's Arctic rights and interests.
【学位授予单位】：安徽大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D993.5

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