马六甲海峡溢油应急反应合作机制研究

发布时间：2018-05-11 05:44

本文选题：马六甲海峡 + 溢油　；参考：《中国海洋大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：《联合国海洋法公约》第43条规定了“用于国际航行的海峡”的沿岸国与使用国在维护航行安全和防止船源污染方面进行合作的义务。为实践该条，马六甲海峡沿岸国于2007年达成了马六甲海峡合作机制，试图联合使用国共同维护马六甲海峡的航行安全和海洋环境。但该合作机制却存在较大缺失，其中防止船源污染的措施不多，也没有就溢油这种常见且多发的船源污染事故设立相关的合作项目。面对马六甲海峡地区日益加大的船舶溢油风险，2007年合作机制难以发挥理想的作用，需要一个针对船舶溢油事故的应急反应合作机制弥补其不足。随着各国石油需求量的攀升，通过马六甲海峡的油轮的数量和吨位激增，溢油风险加大，单靠海峡沿岸国一方力量难以消除溢油造成的不良影响，急需海峡使用国提供援助，共同应对船源油污。此外，马六甲海峡作为中国能源运输的海上生命线，保护其免遭船源油污的损害也直接关系到我国油轮的航行利益和南海的海洋环境。所以，无论从全球还是从中国角度出发，，建立马六甲海峡溢油应急反应合作机制都有其必要性。在马六甲海峡建立溢油应急反应合作机制不仅符合《联合国海洋法公约》第43条的要求，具有国际法上的可行性，而且也符合海峡沿岸国与使用国双方的利益。沿岸国对使用国就环境保护事项在资金、技术等方面参与合作表示支持，而使用国出于对航行效益和环境利益的考虑也愿意参与该合作机制。双方的支持为合作机制的建立提供了可能。拟建立的马六甲海峡溢油应急反应合作机制从合作协议的签署到争端的解决都有相关的制度依据，其中包括定期会议制度、领导机构运行管理制度、资金保障制度、技术互助制度以及争端解决和责任追究制度。这些制度相互支持、彼此补充，构成合作机制的框架。同时，作为马六甲海峡的重要使用国，中国在相关制度的建立过程中将积极贡献力量，推动合作机制向前发展。马六甲海峡溢油应急反应合作机制是实践《联合国海洋法公约》第43条的又一次尝试，它的建立不仅弥补了2007年马六甲海峡合作机制在溢油事故应急处理方面的缺失，有利于更好的实践《联合国海洋法公约》第43条的要求，而且就第43条存在的不足从合作方式、合作范围、合作义务的性质以及国际海事组织在合作中的作用等方面提出了完善建议。
[Abstract]:Article 43 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea sets out the obligation of the littoral State and the user State to cooperate in the maintenance of the safety of navigation and the prevention of pollution from ship sources "in straits for international navigation". In order to put this article into practice, the coastal countries of the Straits of Malacca agreed in 2007 on the mechanism of cooperation in the Straits of Malacca, in order to jointly maintain the safety of navigation and the marine environment of the Straits of Malacca. However, there is a great lack of this cooperation mechanism, among which there are few measures to prevent ship-source pollution, and there are no related cooperation projects on the common and frequent ship-source pollution accidents such as oil spills. In the face of the increasing risk of ship oil spill in Malacca Strait, the cooperation mechanism in 2007 is difficult to play an ideal role, and a cooperative mechanism for emergency response to oil spill accidents is needed to make up for its deficiency. With the increasing demand for oil from various countries and the surge in the number and tonnage of tankers passing through the Strait of Malacca, the risk of oil spills has increased. It is difficult to eliminate the adverse effects of the oil spills by relying solely on the strength of the countries bordering the straits, and the assistance of the countries using the straits is in urgent need. Jointly deal with the oil pollution from the ship. In addition, as the lifeline of China's energy transportation, the Malacca Strait has a direct bearing on the navigation interests of Chinese oil tankers and the marine environment of the South China Sea. Therefore, it is necessary to establish the cooperation mechanism of oil spill emergency response in Malacca Strait, both globally and from the perspective of China. The establishment of an oil spill emergency response cooperation mechanism in the Straits of Malacca not only meets the requirements of Article 43 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and is feasible in international law, but also conforms to the interests of both the littoral and the user countries of the Straits. Coastal states support the participation of user countries in financial and technical aspects of environmental protection, and user countries are willing to participate in the cooperation mechanism for consideration of navigational and environmental benefits. The support of both sides provides the possibility for the establishment of cooperative mechanism. The proposed cooperation mechanism for oil spill emergency response across the Malacca Strait has relevant institutional bases from the signing of the cooperation agreement to the settlement of disputes, including the system of regular meetings, the operation and management system of the leading agency, and the financial guarantee system. Technical assistance system and dispute settlement and accountability system. These systems support each other and complement each other and form the framework of a cooperative mechanism. At the same time, as an important user of the Malacca Strait, China will actively contribute to the establishment of the relevant system and promote the development of the cooperation mechanism. The cooperation mechanism of oil spill emergency response in Malacca Strait is another attempt to implement Article 43 of UNCLOS. Its establishment not only makes up for the lack of emergency management of oil spill accident in 2007, but also makes up for the lack of cooperation mechanism in Malacca Strait in 2007. Conducive to better practice of the requirements of article 43 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and, with regard to the shortcomings of article 43, from the modalities and scope of cooperation, Suggestions on the nature of the duty of cooperation and the role of IMO in cooperation are put forward.
【学位授予单位】：中国海洋大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D993.5

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