气候变化所致小岛屿国家损失和损害的界定

发布时间：2018-05-11 22:07

本文选题：国际环境法 + 气候变化　；参考：《中国政法大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：气候变化在影响着全人类的生存和发展,由于小岛屿国家生态系统脆弱、基础设施薄弱、经济稳定性差等原因,导致在气候变化影响下,小岛屿国家受到的损失和损害尤其严重。本文首先论证气候变化所致小岛屿国家损失和损害的存在、分析其产生的原因,进而总结出气候变化所致小岛屿国家损失和损害的特征:损失和损害主体的广泛性;损失和损害的严重性;行为国和受害国的重合性。由于行为国和受害国的重合性与跨界损害中行为国和受害国的可区分性存在根本的不同,本文得出气候变化所致小岛屿国家损失和损害不同于跨界损害,厘清目前学界存在的谬误。然后,本文又从三个方面论证了气候变化所致小岛屿国家损失和损害的定义和气候变化所致小岛屿国家损失和损害责任的法律属性。第一,本文分析了“帕劳提案”的可行因素,提出预防气候变化所致小岛屿国家损失和损害的根本措施是减排,本文通过对“国际合作倡议”和“国家自主贡献”的分析,总结各国际法主体在减排行动中的贡献和存在的问题,为以后减排政策的制定和实施提供了正确的方向。又指出“帕劳提案”的误区,帕劳等太平洋小岛屿国家提出的赔偿要求面临困难,一时难以实现,无法达到这些国家的要求。结合可行因素和误区对“帕劳提案”的主张给予客观的评价。第二,本文对“华沙机制”的内容、意义、实质和不足进行研究。分析《兵库行动框架》、《兵库宣言》、《仙台减灾框架》指导下处理气候变化对小岛屿国家影响的国际实践,提出建立防灾减灾体系以实现对遭受损失和损害的小岛屿国家的救济,同时弥补“华沙机制”的不足。特别强调了“华沙机制”的实质是国际合作,不是补偿机制或者赔偿机制。第三,结合前述论证并根据相关法律原则即“根据自然法,任何人通过使他人遭受损失或损害而致富都是不公正的(Jure naturae aequum est neminem cum alterius detrimento et injuria fierilocupletiorem)”和“衡平法不允许没有补偿的有害行为(Equity will not suffer a wrong to be without a remedy)”和国内判例即1907年美国联邦最高法院审理的佐治亚诉田纳西铜业有限公司案(Georgiav.Tennessee Copper Company)、2006年美国北卡罗来纳州诉田纳西流域管理局案(Carolina v.Tennessee Valley Authority)和2011年美国康涅狄格州诉美国电力公司案(The Connecticut v American Electric Power Co),三个国内判决为例得出气候变化所致小岛屿国家损失和损害责任是补偿责任而非赔偿责任,且根据实现方式的特殊性,得出补偿责任的实现形式是限制排放和资金支持。最后,本文认为,气候变化所致小岛屿国家损失和损害可以界定为,由气候变化引起的在生命、健康、财产、环境等方面出现的严重威胁小岛屿国家可持续发展和生存的实际的和潜在的不利后果。
[Abstract]:Climate change is affecting the survival and development of all humankind, resulting from, inter alia, fragile ecosystems, weak infrastructure and poor economic stability in small island States, The loss and damage suffered by small island States is particularly severe. This paper first demonstrates the existence of loss and damage in small island countries caused by climate change, analyzes the causes, and then summarizes the characteristics of loss and damage in small island countries caused by climate change: the universality of the main body of loss and damage; Gravity of loss and injury; coincidence between the author State and the injured State. As there is a fundamental difference between the coincidence of the author State and the injured State and the distinction between the State of conduct and the injured State in transboundary harm, it is concluded that the loss and damage caused by climate change in small island States is different from transboundary harm. To clarify the existing fallacies in academic circles. Then, this paper demonstrates the definition of loss and damage caused by climate change and the legal attribute of loss and damage liability of small island States caused by climate change from three aspects. First, this paper analyses the possible elements of the Palau proposal and suggests that the fundamental measure to prevent loss and damage caused by climate change in small island States is emission reduction, through an analysis of the International Cooperation Initiative and the "nationally owned contribution". This paper summarizes the contributions and problems of various subjects of international law in the action of emission reduction, and provides a correct direction for the formulation and implementation of emission reduction policies in the future. It also points out the misunderstanding of the Palau proposal and the difficulties faced by the Pacific small island States such as Palau in meeting the demands of these countries for the time being. Combining feasible factors and misunderstandings, this paper gives an objective evaluation of Palau proposal. Second, this paper studies the content, significance, essence and deficiency of Warsaw Mechanism. Analysing the international practice of addressing the impact of climate change on small island States under the guidance of the Hyogo Framework for Action, the Hyogo Declaration and the Sendai Framework for disaster reduction, and proposing the establishment of disaster prevention and mitigation systems to achieve relief to small island States that have suffered loss and damage, At the same time, to make up for the "Warsaw mechanism" deficiencies. The essence of Warsaw mechanism is international cooperation, not compensation mechanism or compensation mechanism. Third, in the light of the foregoing argument and in accordance with the relevant legal principles, namely, "according to natural law, It is unjust for anyone to get rich by causing loss or damage to others. It is unjust to do so "and equity does not permit harmful acts without compensation" and domestic jurisprudence. Georgia v. Tennessee Copper Company, United States Supreme Court, 1907, North Carolina v. Tennessee Watershed Authority, 2006, Connecticut v. United States Power Company, 2011 The Connecticut v American Electric Power case, where three domestic judgements show that the responsibility for loss and damage in small island States caused by climate change is a liability for compensation rather than liability. According to the particularity of the realization mode, it is concluded that the forms of compensation liability are emission limitation and financial support. Finally, this paper argues that the loss and damage caused by climate change in small island States can be defined as the effects of climate change on life, health, property, Actual and potential adverse consequences of environmental and other serious threats to the sustainable development and survival of small island States.
【学位授予单位】：中国政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D996.9

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