WTO货物贸易框架下私人标准研究

发布时间：2018-06-04 15:17

本文选题：WTO + 私人标准　；参考：《武汉大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：2012年的《世界贸易报告》认为,国际贸易所发生的实质性变化及私人标准的发展以及使用可能进一步促进国际贸易领域的组织性一体化。政府就私人标准这一问题所承担的责任以及WTO在此问题上的角色并不明晰。WTO在解决私人标准所产生之贸易影响是当下多边贸易体制所要面临的重要问题之一。私人标准这一问题贯穿WTO的日常工作,在内容上又极其多元化,涵盖绿色保护主义,食品安全以及人权劳工社会责任等。随着私人标准泛滥,在WTO内部,发展中国家日益对此问题的扩散表现出担忧,强调其造成实质性的贸易壁垒,限制发展中国家产品的市场准入,而发达国家在此方面则认为其完全是一个私人行为,WTO不应该也不适合干涉。因此,面对私人标准泛滥的问题,其成因以及理论基础为何,其对以WTO为核心的多边贸易体制产生何种影响?WTO货物贸易协定又能在此发挥何种作用,又应该如何解决?本文就上述问题作出研究。除绪论和结论外,本文主体部分共分四章。第一章作为本论文起点,就私人标准本体及其与国际贸易之间关系展开论述。界定了私人标准的内涵与外延,并通过私人标准运行论对私人标准运行的目的,模式与遵守及合法性问题作出分析。之后,分析私人标准对国际贸易所造成的正反两方面效应。在积极方面,私人标准所具有的某些特质与效果使其可以作为国际贸易的助推器。而在负面效应上,私人标准则可能成为国际贸易壁垒,妨碍自由贸易的发展。同时强调,私人标准的正反两方面效应并非绝对,应该辩证看待。第二章是对当下WTO货物贸易框架下相关协定对私人标准规制可能性的分析。作为一个大前提,笔者首先批判了在《GATT1994》下把私人标准行为归结为国家行为论证的悖论。随后在《SPS协定》以及《TBT协定》框架下探讨私人标准被规制的可能。最终得出结论,在《SPS协定》及《TBT协定》下,由于两个协定的措辞都对私人标准能否规制模糊不清,因此笔者认为不适宜认定两个协定能对私人标准行为进行规制。第三章就私人标准对WTO法律体系的影响展开论述。首先通过探讨WTO法中的法律渊源从而指出私人标准这一本质属于国际软法的规范不能成为WTO的法律渊源。进而透过法律条文及司法实践对WTO法律体系中关于国际标准的认定,认为如国际标准化组织等私人标准制定机构所制定标准亦有可能在WTO法律体系内具备准“法律性”。最后认为私人标准已对WTO合法性产生冲击。第四章主要分为三部分,首先对现有的在WTO货物贸易框架下相关协定委员会或其他关于对私人标准解决的方案进行了评价与分析。进而认为WTO货物贸易框架下解决私人标准问题并非最佳选择。其次针对在国内层面上通过竞争法对私人标准调整的方案进行分析和评价,认为其亦不能起完全解决私人标准问题作用,但是不失为一种渠道。最后提出通过公私伙伴关系理论结合全球行政法治理原则,在WTO,各私人标准制定者,WTO成员国以及各私人标准可能受影响的潜在利益方之间构筑一个咨询委员会性质的伙伴合作机构,以期更好地解决私人标准问题。结论部分对全文进行总结论述,侧重指出当下WTO货物贸易框架内法律机制对私人标准的调整不能,在提炼全球行政法核心内涵基础上强调建立公私伙伴关系的高级委员会,通过多主体的融合解决私人标准问题。
[Abstract]:The 2012 world trade report believes that the substantive changes in international trade and the development and use of private standards may further promote organizational integration in the field of international trade. The responsibility of the government on the issue of private standards and the role of WTO on this issue are not clear about the resolution of.WTO in the settlement of private standards. The impact of trade is one of the most important issues facing the present multilateral trading system. The issue of private standards runs through the daily work of WTO and is extremely diverse in content, covering green protectionism, food safety and human rights labor social responsibility. With the proliferation of private standards, the developing countries are increasingly involved in the WTO. The spread of the problem shows concern, emphasizing its substantial trade barriers and restricting market access for developing countries, while developed countries consider it a private act and WTO should not be suitable for interference. Therefore, in the face of the problem of the proliferation of private standards, the cause and the theoretical basis of the problem are WTO What is the impact of the multilateral trading system on the core? What role can the WTO goods trade agreement play and how to solve it? This paper studies the above issues.
Besides the introduction and conclusion, the main body of this article is divided into four chapters.
The first chapter, as the starting point of this paper, discusses the relationship between private standard ontology and its relations with international trade. It defines the connotation and extension of private standards, and analyzes the purpose, pattern, compliance and legality of private standard operation through private standard operation theory, and analyzes the effect of private standards on international trade. Positive and negative two effects. On the positive side, some characteristics and effects of private standards can be used as boosters in international trade. In negative effects, private standards may become international trade barriers and prevent the development of free trade. At the same time, the positive and negative effects of private standards are not absolute and should be viewed dialectically. Wait.
The second chapter is an analysis of the possibility of private standard regulation under the current WTO goods trade framework. As a prerequisite, the author first criticizes the paradox of the private standard behavior as a state behavior argument under . Then, the possibility of the private standards being regulated under the The third chapter discusses the influence of private standards on the legal system of WTO. First, through the discussion of the origin of the law in the WTO law, it points out that the private standard, which is a standard of international soft law, can not be the legal source of WTO. Then, the identification of International standards in the WTO legal system through legal provisions and judicial practice is considered as an example. The standards set by the international organization for standardization, such as the international organization for standardization, may also have a quasi "legal" in the WTO legal system. Finally, the private standards have had an impact on the legitimacy of the WTO.
The fourth chapter is divided into three parts. First, it evaluates and analyzes the existing relevant agreement committees or other solutions to private standards under the framework of WTO goods trade. Then, it is considered that the problem of solving private standards under the framework of WTO goods trade is not the best choice. Secondly, it is aimed at the private sector at the domestic level by competition law. The human standard adjustment scheme is analyzed and evaluated, and it is considered that it can not fully solve the role of the private standard, but it is a channel. Finally, the potential of the WTO, the individual standard makers, the WTO members and the private standards may be affected by the theory of public-private partnership and the governance principles of global administrative law. The interests of the parties to build a consultative committee of the nature of the cooperative partner institutions, in order to better solve the problem of private standards.
The conclusion is a summary of the full text. It emphasizes that the regulation of the legal mechanism within the framework of WTO goods trade can't adjust the private standards. On the basis of refining the core connotation of the global administrative law, it emphasizes the establishment of the high level committee of public-private partnership and solves the problem of private standards through the integration of many subjects.
【学位授予单位】：武汉大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D996.1

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