论南极微生物遗传资源的国际法保护

发布时间：2018-06-22 20:51

本文选题：南极 + 微生物遗传资源　；参考：《中国海洋大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：随着全球暖化，南极冰盖开始大面积融化。隐藏于冰盖之下长达万年之久的各种生物资源曝露在全世界面前，求知的欲望混合着资本的冲动奔向这片冰雪之域。南极微生物由于生长环境的特殊性造就了它们独特的生物学机制和生理生化特征，在科学研究和商业应用方面有着巨大的潜在价值。为了保护南极的生态平衡和环境以及公平合理获取和分享利用南极微生物遗传资源产生的惠益，从保护的角度出发，梳理现有的国际法律框架就显得尤为必要。南极条约体系作为规制南极地区行为活动的法律规范，对南极微生物遗传资源的开发、利用及管理具有当然管辖权。但对南极微生物遗传资源保护的原则性规范多于具体性规范使得南极条约体系在这一问题上显得力不从心。作为遗传资源获取和惠益分享领域的《生物多样性公约》与《粮食和农业植物遗传资源国际条约》在调整南极微生物遗传资源获取与惠益分享上则具有不同的局限性：首先，作为《生物多样性公约》原则之一的国家主权原则使得其调整范围限于国家管辖范围内的遗传资源，其建立的关于遗传资源获取与惠益分享的机制——波恩准则也是立足于此；其次，《粮食和农业植物遗传资源国际条约》的调整对象是粮农植物遗传资源，对南极微生物遗传资源没有适用效力。但这两个国际协定及其建立的遗传资源获取与惠益分享制度对南极微生物遗传资源有很大的借鉴价值。南大洋作为蕴藏生物资源最为丰富的海域能否适用《联合国海洋法公约》虽还有争议，但是《联合国海洋法公约》确立的海洋环境保护原则和生物资源养护原则对南极微生物遗传资源的开发具有启示意义。《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》对微生物专利片面强调知识产权拥有者的保护而忽视遗传资源提供者的做法引起了资源提供国的不满。根据国际立法实践，建立一个专门规制南极微生物遗传资源保护的法律制度成本过高。因此，在南极微生物遗传资源保护问题上，，单独依靠某一法律制度或者创建一个新的法律制度对微生物遗传资源的保护不尽人意。故而，发挥现有国际法律框架的最大效用并加强这些法律制度之间的协调成为现实的最佳抉择。 “人类共同继承财产”法律地位的确定对保护南极微生物遗传资源并进而实现公平合理的获取和分享由利用遗传资源产生的惠益意义重大。中国作为正在崛起中的大国，应当及早制定包括南极微生物遗传资源开发利用在内的南极战略，在南极条约协商会议中发挥积极的建设性作用，维护发展中国家在南极的利益，真正实现全人类对南极微生物遗传资源利益的共享。
[Abstract]:As the world warms, the Antarctic ice sheet begins to melt in large areas. Hidden under the ice sheet for thousands of years of biological resources exposed to the world, the desire for knowledge mixed with the impulse of capital to this ice and snow. Antarctic microbes have great potential value in scientific research and commercial application because of their unique biological mechanism and physiological and biochemical characteristics due to the particularity of their growing environment. In order to protect the ecological balance and environment of Antarctica and to obtain and share the benefits arising from the utilization of Antarctic microbial genetic resources, it is particularly necessary to sort out the existing international legal framework from the point of view of protection. The Antarctic Treaty system, as the legal norm to regulate the behavior in the Antarctic region, has natural jurisdiction over the exploitation, utilization and management of Antarctic microbial genetic resources. However, the protection of Antarctic microbial genetic resources has more principles than concrete norms, which makes the Antarctic treaty system seem to be unable to cope with this problem. The Convention on Biological Diversity, as a field of access and benefit-sharing of genetic resources, and the International Treaty on Plant genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture have different limitations in regulating access to and benefit-sharing of Antarctic microbial genetic resources: first, The principle of national sovereignty, one of the principles of the Convention on Biological Diversity, limits its scope of adjustment to genetic resources within national jurisdiction, and the Bonn guidelines on access and Benefit-sharing of genetic Resources established by it are based on this; Secondly, the International Treaty on Plant genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture regulates the plant genetic resources of food and agriculture, which has no effect on Antarctic microbial genetic resources. However, these two international agreements and the establishment of genetic resources access and benefit-sharing system have great reference value for Antarctic microbial genetic resources. Whether the Southern Ocean, as the most abundant area with living resources, can be applied to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea is controversial, However, the principles of marine environmental protection and conservation of living resources established by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea are instructive to the development of genetic resources of microbes in Antarctica. The unilateral emphasis on the protection of intellectual property rights holders and the neglect of genetic resource providers have aroused dissatisfaction among resource providers. According to the practice of international legislation, it is too expensive to establish a special legal system to regulate the protection of Antarctic microbial genetic resources. Therefore, in the protection of Antarctic microbial genetic resources, it is unsatisfactory to rely on a legal system alone or to create a new legal system for the protection of microbial genetic resources. Therefore, the best choice is to maximize the effectiveness of the existing international legal framework and to strengthen the coordination among these legal systems. The determination of the legal status of "common heritage of mankind" is of great significance for the protection of Antarctic microbial genetic resources and the realization of equitable and reasonable access to and sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources. As a rising power, China should formulate an Antarctic strategy as soon as possible, including the development and utilization of Antarctic microbial genetic resources, and play an active and constructive role in the Antarctic Treaty Consultative meeting to safeguard the interests of developing countries in the Antarctic. The benefit of Antarctic microbial genetic resources is truly shared by all mankind.
【学位授予单位】：中国海洋大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D993.5;D996.9

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