论信用证欺诈例外原则

发布时间：2018-06-24 16:32

本文选题：信用证 + 独立抽象原则　；参考：《西南交通大学》2009年硕士论文

【摘要】： 信用证以其独特的优越性得到了广泛的应用,成为当今国际贸易中最主要的支付方式,并被誉为“国际商业的生命血液”。“独立抽象原则”正是信用证独特优越性的根源所在,是信用证制度得以存在和发展的基石。然而在实践中,“独立抽象原则”往往被恶意的利用以进行欺诈活动。当一种法律原则因其内在缺陷而遭受不正当利用时,通过一种例外规则进行补救和平衡便成为了必要。“欺诈例外”原则正是基于这样的需要而产生并发展起来的。该原则的实质便是国家司法力量基于公平正义原则介入对外贸易关系,力求在信用证法律关系各当事人之间达到一种利益的平衡。信用证欺诈例外原则最早起源于二十世纪四十年代的美国,随后英国、德国、加拿大等世界各国也纷纷确立了该原则。国际惯例并没有对该问题形成统一的标准和规则,而把这一问题留给了国内法。但是由于对信用证机制认识上的差异以及司法传统等方面的原因,各国法院在适用“欺诈例外”原则时对欺诈的界定、举证的要求、豁免的范围、止付权的行使等方面的标准宽严不一。司法标准的不一致在一定程度上影响了国际贸易的发展。我国在适用信用证欺诈例外原则上也面临着一些亟待解决的问题,这也与我国对信用证欺诈例外原则理论研究的滞后有关。故在先前学者研究的基础上再一次研究欺诈例外原则,为进一步完善我国信用证欺诈例外制度提供必要参考,具有现实的意义。本文拟运用法理学、民法学、商法学、比较法学的基本原理和历史考察、案例论证、价值分析及综合分析的方法对信用证欺诈例外原则进行研究,分为五章进行论述。第一章主要针对的是论文的学术背景,理论依据和研究方法还有实际意义。第二章提出信用证欺诈的概念,分析了信用证欺诈造成的危害及原因,重点论述了“独立抽象原则”是诱发欺诈的重要原因。第三章论述了信用证欺诈例外原则的确立与发展过程,提出了信用证欺诈例外原则产生的三个理论基础(公共秩序保留理论、诚实信用理论、利益均衡理论),分析了欺诈例外原则的价值取向(在一般正义的基础上维护个别正义,在追求效益的基础上兼顾公平),论证了欺诈例外原则与独立抽象原则的关系,提出欺诈例外原则与独立抽象原则应保持一种适度和平衡的关系;第四章具体论述了信用证欺诈例外原则适用中的有关问题,从利益均衡的立场出发,在欺诈的界定、信用证欺诈例外原则适用的构成要件、证明标准、举证责任、实现方式以及信用证欺诈例外适用的排除等方面阐述了自己的看法。第五章针对的是我国在适用欺诈例外原则中存在的问题,提出了一些具体建议,如:加强立法、关于“中止”的程序需要完善、裁定及颁发“支付令”、废除“冻结令”、加强保护第三善意人合法权益、全面平衡各方当事人的利益、提高法官素质和法院司法水平等。本文的创新点在于,提出了以利益均衡的方法来处理信用证欺诈例外原则的理论和实践问题。利益均衡是信用证制度产生和变革的基本规律,是欺诈例外原则得以确立的重要理论依据,也是欺诈例外原则与独立抽象原则相互制衡的基本理由。在具体适用欺诈例外原则时,如“实质性欺诈”的标准,欺诈例外原则的排除规则,善意受益人对风险的分担,以及司法程序中对举证责任的分配,颁发禁令时对各方当事人利益的衡量,都是以利益均衡为基本出发点的。
[Abstract]:With its unique superiority, L / C has been widely used as the most important mode of payment in international trade and is known as "the life blood of international commerce". "The principle of independent abstraction" is the root of the unique superiority of the letter of credit and the cornerstone of the existence and development of the letter of credit. The principle of independent abstraction is often used by maliciously to carry out fraudulent activities. It is necessary to remediate and balance an exceptional rule when a legal principle is improperly exploited for its inherent defects. The principle of "fraud exception" is produced and developed on the basis of such a need. The essence of the principle is It is the national judicial power's involvement in foreign trade relations based on the principle of fairness and justice, and strive to achieve a balance of interests between the parties in the legal relationship of the letter of credit.
The principle of credit fraud exception originated in the United States of the United States in 1940s, followed by the United Kingdom, Germany, Canada and other countries in the world. International practice did not form a unified standard and rule on the problem, but left it to domestic law. But because of the differences in the recognition of the letter of credit mechanism. As well as the reasons for the judicial tradition, the courts in various countries have different standards on the definition of fraud, the requirement of proof, the scope of immunity and the exercise of the right to stop payment when applying the principle of "fraud exception". The disagreement of judicial standards has influenced the development of international trade to a certain extent. It is also faced with some problems to be solved, which is also related to the lag of the theoretical research on the principle of letter of credit fraud exception. Therefore, the principle of fraud exception is studied again on the basis of previous scholars' research. It is of practical significance to further improve the fraud exception system of L / C in our country.
This paper uses the basic principles of jurisprudence, civil law, commercial law, comparative law, historical investigation, case study, value analysis and comprehensive analysis to study the principle of credit fraud exception, which is divided into five chapters. The first chapter is mainly aimed at the academic background of the thesis, the theoretical basis and the research method, and the practical significance. The second chapter puts forward the concept of letter of credit fraud, analyzes the harm and cause of the letter of credit fraud, and emphasizes that the "independent abstract principle" is an important reason to induce fraud. The third chapter discusses the establishment and development process of the principle of fraud exception of L / C, and puts forward the three theoretical foundations of the principle of fraud exception of L / C (public). The theory of CO order reservation, the theory of honesty and credit, the theory of interest equilibrium, and the value orientation of the principle of fraud exception (maintaining individual justice on the basis of general justice and fairness on the basis of pursuing benefit), demonstrate the relationship between the principle of fraud exception and the principle of independent abstraction, and propose the principle of fraud exception and the principle of independent abstraction. To maintain a moderate and balanced relationship; the fourth chapter specifically discusses the relevant issues in the application of the principle of credit fraud exception, from the standpoint of the balance of interests, the definition of fraud, the constitutive requirements of the application of the principle of fraud exception, the proof of the standard, the burden of proof, the mode of reality and the exclusion of the fraud exception of the letter of credit. The fifth chapter focuses on the problems in the application of the principle of fraud exception in China, and puts forward some specific suggestions, such as strengthening the legislation, improving the procedure of "stopping", ruling and issuing "payment orders", abolishing the "freezing order", strengthening the protection of the legitimate rights and interests of the third people in good faith, and balancing the parties in an all-round way. The interests of the parties improve the quality of judges and the judicial level of courts.
The innovation point of this paper is to put forward the theoretical and practical problems of dealing with the principle of credit fraud exception by means of balance of interests. The balance of interests is the basic law of the production and change of the letter of credit, the important theoretical basis for the establishment of fraud exception principle and the basis of the mutual balance between the principle of fraud exception and the independent abstract principle. For this reason, when the principle of fraud exception is applied, such as the standard of "substantive fraud", the rule of exclusion of the principle of fraud exception, the sharing of the risk by the beneficiary beneficiary, and the distribution of the burden of proof in the judicial procedure, the balance of interests is the basic starting point for the measurement of the interests of the parties when the injunction is issued.
【学位授予单位】：西南交通大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：F740.4

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