论“碳关税”贸易措施

发布时间：2018-06-27 19:01

本文选题：碳关税 + 边境调节措施　；参考：《湘潭大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：全球气候变化深刻的影响着人类生存和发展,尽管国际社会已经达成了一些相关的国际环境公约,但是这些公约并没有有效的监督执行机制,2010年哥本哈根气候大会搁浅更是令人们为温室气体减排的未来充满忧虑。尽管共同但有区别责任原则已经成为国际社会基本认同的一项原则,但以美国为首的一些发达国家认为,《京都议定书》目前仅对其附件I中所规定的国家进行了温室气体排放限定,而对发展中国家并无此类规定。这样,一方面节能减排、使用新能源等带来的成本增加,将导致发达国家的产品在与发展中国家的竞争中处于被动;另一方面也会由于发展中国家不节制的排放而导致发达国家的努力付诸东流,毕竟大气是不分国界的。因此,美国等发达国家以建立“公平的竞争环境”和抑制“碳泄漏”为由,开始计划对无碳约束国家所出口的高耗能产品征收碳边境调节税,即所谓的“碳关税”。目前,尽管相当一部分发达国家均主张采取所谓的“碳关税”措施,但真正进入立法层面的目前仅有美国和英国两个国家,即美国2009年《清洁能源安全法案》以及英国的《低碳转型计划》。“碳关税”措施作为一种新型的绿色贸易壁垒,其一出现即遭到国际社会尤其是广大发展中国家的反对。同时,作为一种贸易措施,其与WTO的序言,GATT第20条(b)、(g)两项以及TBT协定的相关规定也存在冲突和抵触。中国目前作为世界第二大贸易大国,同时也是高耗能工业制品出口大国,一旦美国等国家采取碳关税措施,会对我国产业造成重大影响。将增加我国高碳企业产品出口的成本,引起我国制造业出口额不同程度的下降,改变我国出口商品和贸易方式结构,并在一定程度上恶化出口环境。未来我国应当积极从以下几个方面采取措施,以应对碳关税贸易壁垒。首先,借鉴国际经验开征碳排放税;其次,引入市场竞争机制,打破能源行业垄断;再次,研发推广新技术,加大低碳产业的发展;最后,构建碳排放交易法律制度,完善配套法律法规。
[Abstract]:Global climate change has a profound impact on the survival and development of mankind, despite the fact that the international community has concluded a number of relevant international environmental conventions, But these conventions do not have an effective monitoring mechanism, and the grounding of the 2010 climate conference in Copenhagen has raised concerns about the future of greenhouse gas emissions. Despite the fact that the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities has become a fundamental shared principle of the international community, But some developed countries, led by the United States, believe that the Kyoto Protocol currently limits greenhouse gas emissions only to the countries specified in Annex I, but not to developing countries. In this way, on the one hand, the cost of energy saving and emission reduction, the use of new energy will increase, which will lead to the products of developed countries in the competition with developing countries in a passive; On the other hand, the unrestrained emissions of developing countries will lead to the collapse of the efforts of developed countries. After all, the atmosphere knows no borders. Therefore, the United States and other developed countries to establish a "level playing field" and curb "carbon leakage" as a reason, began to plan to impose carbon-free countries export high-energy products carbon border regulation tax, or so-called "carbon tariffs." At present, although quite a number of developed countries advocate the so-called "carbon tariff" measures, only the United States and the United Kingdom are the only countries that really enter the legislative level. The US Clean Energy Security Act of 2009 and Britain's low-carbon transition Plan. As a new kind of green trade barrier, carbon tariff is opposed by the international community, especially the developing countries. At the same time, as a kind of trade measure, there are also conflicts and conflicts with the preamble of the WTO and the two articles of GATT Article 20 (b), (g) and the relevant provisions of the Agreement. China is currently the second largest trading country in the world and also a large exporter of energy-consuming industrial products. Once the United States and other countries take carbon tariff measures, it will have a significant impact on our industry. It will increase the cost of export of high carbon enterprises in our country, cause the export of manufacturing industry to drop in different degrees, change the structure of export commodities and trade mode of our country, and worsen the export environment to a certain extent. In the future, China should take measures from the following aspects to deal with carbon tariff barriers. First, the introduction of carbon tax from international experience; secondly, the introduction of market competition mechanism to break the monopoly of the energy industry; third, research and development of new technologies to increase the development of low-carbon industries; finally, to build a legal system of carbon emissions trading, Perfect supporting laws and regulations.
【学位授予单位】：湘潭大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D996.1

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