海洋法时代下南海九段线价值分析

发布时间：2018-07-05 14:03

本文选题：发现 + 先占　；参考：《河南大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：南海，位于中国大陆的东南方向，东沙群岛、西沙群岛、中沙群岛、南沙群岛四大群岛散布于其中，东沙群岛、西沙群岛、中沙群岛三大群岛目前基本处于中国方面（包括台湾）的有效控制之下。我们所说的的南海争端，主要是指南沙群岛争端，作为西太平洋中最具战略和经济价值的群岛，南沙群岛主要岛礁被东南亚周边国家如：越南、菲律宾、马来西亚、印度尼西亚、文莱所占据。南海诸岛自古以来就是中国领土，中国依据发现和先占两大原则取得南海诸岛的主权，据史料记载：最迟在汉代中国人民就发现了南海诸岛，并且最早对它们进行了开发和经营，中国政府对它们进行了有效地管辖。近代以来危机从海上而来，尽管国运衰败，满清政府和民国政府在积贫积弱的年代仍然同西方列强进行了卓有成效的外交斗争，有力的巩固和维护了中国对南海的主权。1948年2月，中国政府首次公开出版发行了《中华民国行政区域图》，在南海海域标绘了上述四组群岛的位置，并在其周围绘有11条断续的国界线画法的线段，这是中国政府对南海诸岛主权意识首次进行的正式的图示表达。对此，国际上包括周边国家没有明确表示反对。1949年中华人民共和国成立，此后出版的南海地图均标有11条断续疆域线，1953年经过周恩来总理的亲自批准，去掉了了北部湾内的两条断续线，从此以后出版的中国地图，均以九条断续疆域线标注中国南海的疆域，中国南海九条断续疆域线简称即为南海九段线。海洋法是确定各种海域法律地位，并调整国际法主体，主要是国家间在海洋领域内从事各项活动而形成的相互关系之原则、制度和规则的总体。海洋法具有普通法律的规范性质，同时还是国际法的一个分支，因此海洋法不同于普通的国内法，它具有国际性、综合性、模糊性三个特点。现代海洋法是指第二次世界大战结束以来，逐步形成的海洋法，《联合国海洋法公约》的诞生是现代海洋法形成和完善的标志。《联合国海洋法公约》公布和生效之后，南海争端不但没有缓解，反而更为剧烈和复杂，近些年来菲律宾、越南等国小动作不断，不断刺激中国的容忍度，2009年3月10日，菲律宾总统阿罗约不顾中国的强烈反对，正式签署了第9522号共和国法案“领海基线法”，将我国南沙群岛的部分岛屿和黄岩岛划入菲律宾领海，进而提交联合国审议，2012年上半年菲律宾派军舰在黄岩岛附近海域与中国对峙数月，妄图争夺黄岩岛的控制权，而越南也不甘示弱，2012年6月21日，越南通过《越南海洋法》，将中国的南沙群岛和西沙群岛都列入其“主权”和“管辖”范围。南海九段线的权威和尊严受到了极大地冲击和挑战，主要受潜在丰富资源的诱惑，周边各国对公约的滥用，公约自身的缺陷和不足这三个因素的影响。实事求是的讲，南海九段线既是先人留给后人的宝贵遗产，也使后人面临很多困惑，通过研究权威专家理论学说和国家政策导向，我们可以发现南海九段线应该具备双重性质，一方面，南海九段线是一条“中国海上疆域线”；另一方面，南海九段线是一条“地区和平发展线”。南海九段线代表了中国的主权和领土完整，具有无与伦比的庄严性和神圣性，但是考虑到地区实际情况，我们愿意按照邓小平同志提出的战略构想“主权归我，搁置争议，共同开发”，相关国家之间暂时搁置主权争议，通过政治协商和外交途径促进南海争议海域的渔业、矿产等资源的共同开发，以促进地区的和平与繁荣。南海周边海域存在非常复杂的划界问题，但是在短期之内不大可能解决，当前学术研究的重点应当放在“南海诸岛领海基线的确定”和“岛屿在划界中的效力”两个方面。在国际海洋划界实践中，相关国家之间已经缔结了大量的海洋划界双边协定，它们解释和适用海域划界的国际公约，为形成和发展海域划界的习惯国际法提供证据，，在国家实践中，海湾地区和北海地区是缔结海域划界协议比较集中的区域，通过对这两个地区的划界案进行对比分析，可以对我们今后进行南海划界提供有益的借鉴和参考。三沙市的设立具有划时代的意义，不仅在于宣示九段线内的中国主权，而且有利于增强中国的有效控制，为将来解决南海争端奠定更为有效的法律基础。
[Abstract]:The South China Sea, located in the southeast direction of the mainland of China, the Dongsha Islands, Paracel Islands, the central Sand Islands, and the Spratly Islands four islands are scattered among them. The Dongsha Islands, Paracel Islands and the central Sand Islands are currently under the effective control of China (including Taiwan). The dispute over the South China Sea, which we say, refers mainly to the dispute over the oceans. As the most strategic and economic value archipelago in the Western Pacific, the main reefs of Spratly Islands are occupied by the neighboring countries of Southeast Asia, such as Vietnam, Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia and Brunei. The South China Sea Islands have been Chinese territory since ancient times. China has obtained the sovereignty of the South China Sea Islands according to the two principles of discovery and first, according to historical records. In the Han Dynasty, the Chinese people found the South China Sea Islands at the latest, and the earliest development and management of them were carried out. The Chinese government had effective jurisdiction over them. In modern times, the crisis came from the sea. Despite the decline of the national transport, the Manchu government and the government of the Republic of China were still fruitful with the Western powers in the years of poor accumulation and weakness. In February, China's sovereignty over the South China Sea was strongly consolidated and maintained by the Chinese government. The government of the Republic of China was first published and issued the administrative regional map of the Republic of China in February. In the South China Sea, the four groups of islands were painted in the sea area of the South China Sea, and there were 11 broken lines of national boundaries drawing around it. This is the Chinese government's sovereignty over the South China Sea Islands. For the first time, a formal presentation was made. In this regard, the international community, including the surrounding countries, did not clearly indicate the opposition to the establishment of People's Republic of China in.1949. Since then, the South China Sea map published in the South China Sea has been marked with 11 intermittent frontiers. In 1953, the two intermittent lines in the northern Bay were removed from the northern Bay, after the personal approval of prime minister Zhou Enlai. The map of China marks the territory of the South China Sea with nine intermittent frontiers. The nine interrupted territory lines of the South China Sea are referred to as the nine segments of the South China Sea. The law of the sea is to determine the legal status of various sea areas, and to adjust the subject of international law, mainly the principles, systems and regulations formed by various activities in the marine field. As a whole, the law of the sea has the normative nature of ordinary law and a branch of international law. Therefore, the law of the sea is different from that of ordinary domestic law. It has three characteristics: International, comprehensive and fuzzy. The modern law of the sea refers to the law of the ocean since the end of the Second World War and the birth of the United Nations Convention on the law of the sea. After the announcement and the entry into force of the United Nations Convention on the law of the sea, the South China Sea dispute has not only been relieved but also more intense and complicated. In recent years, Philippines, Vietnam and other countries have continued to stimulate China's tolerance. In March 10, 2009, President Arroyo of Philippines ignored China's strong opposition. On the other hand, the "territorial sea baseline law" of the Republic Act No. 9522nd was signed, and some of the islands and Huangyan islands of the Spratly Islands of China were drawn into the territorial waters of Philippines to be submitted to the United Nations for consideration. In the first half of 2012, Philippines sent warships to fight for the control of Huangyan island in a confrontation with China for months in the sea area near Huang Yandao, and Vietnam would not be willing to show it. Weak, in June 21, 2012, Vietnam adopted the Vietnam law of the sea, which included China's Spratly Islands and Paracel Islands in its "sovereignty" and "jurisdiction". The authority and dignity of the nine section of the South China Sea were greatly impacted and challenged, mainly by the temptation of potential rich resources, the abuse of the conventions by the countries of the Zhou Dynasty, the defects of the Convention itself and the failure of the Convention. In fact, the nine segment of the South China Sea is not only a valuable legacy left to the future, but also a lot of confusion for the posterity. Through the study of the theory of authoritative experts and the guidance of national policy, we can find that the nine segment of the South China Sea line should have dual nature. On the one hand, the nine section of the South China Sea is a "China Sea". On the other hand, the nine section of the South China Sea is a "regional peaceful development line". The nine section of the South China Sea represents China's sovereignty and territorial integrity and has unparalleled solemnity and sanctity. But considering the actual situation in the region, we are willing to "return to me and put aside disputes in accordance with the strategic concept proposed by Comrade Deng Xiaoping." With the development ", the relevant countries temporarily shelved sovereignty disputes and promoted the joint development of Fisheries and mineral resources in the South China Sea through political consultations and diplomatic channels to promote regional peace and prosperity. There was a very complicated problem of delimitation in the sea area around the South China Sea, but it was not likely to be solved in the short term. The emphasis should be placed on the two aspects of "the determination of the baseline of the territorial sea of the South China Sea Islands" and the "effectiveness of the islands in the delimitation". In the practice of international maritime delimitation, a large number of bilateral agreements have been concluded between the countries concerned, and they interpret and apply international conventions for delimitation of sea areas, and are the customary countries for the formation and development of maritime delimitation. The InterWorld law provides evidence. In the state practice, the Gulf region and the Beihai region are the areas where the maritime delimitation agreement is relatively concentrated. Through the comparison and analysis of the delimitation cases between the two regions, we can provide useful reference and reference for the demarcation of the South China Sea in the future. It shows that China's sovereignty in the nine section is conducive to enhancing China's effective control and laying a more effective legal foundation for the future settlement of the South China Sea dispute.
【学位授予单位】：河南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D993.5

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