我国核事故应急机制的法律研究

发布时间：2018-07-08 14:08

本文选题：核事故 + 核电产业　；参考：《南京工业大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：2011年3月日本福岛第一核电站事故爆发后，核能在各国的前景截然不同。德国、瑞士、比利时等核电发达国家陆续宣布放弃核电，而英国、俄罗斯、印尼等国还是力挺核能。目前，我国在建核反应堆的数量约占全球在建总数的40％，发展核电是未来中国经济可持续发展的命脉。尽管政府在2011年3月份宣布会暂停审批新的核电项目，但国家发改委在目前公布的《产业结构调整指导目录》中依然保留了“鼓励核电站建设”的字样，相关官员也表示说原定于2015年实现4000万千瓦装机的计划目标不会改变。所以，对于我国来说，核能的利用前景依然广阔，但核电利用的安全性必须重新被重视，完善核事故应急机制显得尤为必要。几十年来，我国正在形成一套相对完整的核设施安全管理的法律、法规、条例、办法、标准体系，但不管是在核电产业的高速发展时期，还是如今的谨慎发展时期，都要高度重视核电厂的安全建设和安全管理。我国核电事业必须认真对待两个问题：①怎样更好地防范核事故，②核电厂一旦发生事故，如何及时有效地应对。然而，我国的核事故应急机制仍然存在一些不足，这对核电产业的发展十分不利。因此，只有将我国现行的核事故应急机制不断完善，做好充分准备工作，才能杜绝事故的发生或减轻事故的影响，这也是本文选题的缘由。本文的研究内容除了导言和结语外，一共分为四个章节：第一章：核事故应急机制的概述。该章节首先介绍了什么是核事故及核事故的划分等级。其次，对核事故应急机制的组成部分和功能予以阐述，明确本文研究的概念性范畴；同时，通过三大核事故（美国的三哩岛核事故、前苏联的切尔诺贝利核事故、日本的福岛第一核电站事故）分析它们在核事故应急机制方面存在的问题。最后，指出完善我国核事故应急机制的紧迫性。第二章：国内外有关核事故应急机制的法律规定。分别对我国的和国外几个核电发达国家中有关核事故应急的现有规定进行介绍。对我国的法律规制情况是从法律的效力等级上一一阐述，对国外的情况则分析了应当获得的启示。第三章：我国核事故应急机制的不足之处。指出我国现行的核事故应急机制存在四个方面的不足之处：其一，许可审批规定不全面；其二，，未切实落实公众信息沟通；其三，核应急能力不足；其四，未规范核损害赔偿问题。第四章：完善我国核事故应急机制的建议。针对第三章中提出的我国现有核事故应急机制的不足之处，提出完善性建议：第一，细化审批许可项目；第二，切实落实公众信息沟通；第三，加大核应急监管力度；第四，完善核应急管理工作；第五，明确核损害赔偿责任问题。
[Abstract]:After the Fukushima Daiichi accident in Japan in March 2011, the outlook for nuclear power in various countries was very different. Developed countries such as Germany, Switzerland and Belgium have successively abandoned nuclear power, while Britain, Russia, Indonesia and other countries still support nuclear power. At present, the number of nuclear reactors under construction in China accounts for about 40% of the total number of nuclear reactors under construction in the world. The development of nuclear power is the lifeblood of China's economic sustainable development in the future. Although the government announced in March 2011 that it would suspend approval of new nuclear power projects, the National Development and Reform Commission retained the words "encourage the construction of nuclear power plants" in the "guidelines for Industrial restructuring", currently published by the National Development and Reform Commission. Officials also said the planned target of 4000 kilowatts of capacity by 2015 would not change. Therefore, for our country, the prospect of nuclear energy utilization is still broad, but the safety of nuclear power utilization must be re-valued, so it is necessary to perfect the emergency mechanism of nuclear accident. Over the past few decades, China has been developing a relatively complete set of laws, regulations, methods and standards for the safety management of nuclear facilities. However, whether in the period of rapid development of the nuclear power industry or in the current period of prudent development, We should attach great importance to the safety construction and safety management of nuclear power plants. China's nuclear power industry must seriously take two questions: 1 how to better prevent the nuclear accident in the event of an accident in the nuclear power plant, how to deal with it in a timely and effective manner. However, there are still some deficiencies in China's nuclear accident emergency mechanism, which is unfavorable to the development of nuclear power industry. Therefore, only by perfecting the existing emergency mechanism of nuclear accident in our country and making adequate preparations can the accident be stopped or the influence of accident can be mitigated. This is also the reason for this article to choose this topic. In addition to the introduction and conclusion, the research content of this paper is divided into four chapters: the first chapter: an overview of the nuclear accident emergency mechanism. The chapter first introduces what is a nuclear accident and the classification of a nuclear accident. Secondly, the components and functions of the emergency mechanism for nuclear accidents are expounded, and the conceptual scope of this study is clarified. At the same time, through the three major nuclear accidents (the three Mile Island nuclear accident in the United States, the Chernobyl nuclear accident in the former Soviet Union), Japan's Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident) analysis of their nuclear accident emergency mechanism problems. Finally, the urgency of perfecting the emergency mechanism of nuclear accident in China is pointed out. Chapter II: the domestic and foreign legal provisions on the nuclear accident emergency mechanism. This paper introduces the existing regulations of nuclear accident emergency in our country and several developed countries. The legal regulation of our country is elaborated from the legal effect level, and the enlightenment to the foreign situation is analyzed. Chapter three: the deficiency of emergency mechanism of nuclear accident in China. It is pointed out that the current emergency mechanism of nuclear accident in China has four shortcomings: first, the approval and approval regulations are not comprehensive; second, the communication of public information is not implemented; thirdly, the nuclear emergency response capability is insufficient; and fourth, The issue of unregulated compensation for nuclear damage. Chapter four: the suggestion of perfecting the emergency mechanism of nuclear accident in China. In view of the shortcomings of the existing nuclear accident emergency mechanism in chapter III, the author puts forward some suggestions for perfection: first, to refine the approval and approval of the permit project; second, to effectively implement public information communication; third, to strengthen the nuclear emergency supervision and control; and fourth, to strengthen the supervision and control of nuclear emergency. Improve nuclear emergency management; fifthly, clarify the liability for nuclear damage.
【学位授予单位】：南京工业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D999.2;D922.1

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