跨界环境影响评价在核安全法律制度中的构建

发布时间：2018-07-25 09:59

【摘要】：当前国际社会中跨国界的环境污染和损害事件越来越多，而核能利用过程中一旦发生核泄漏事故，其对大气、土壤、海洋等环境因素产生的持久性、严重性损害往往随着生物循环产生跨国界的环境影响，对别国以及国家管辖范围外的环境造成不利的环境损害。跨界环境影响评价制度作为预防跨界环境问题的机制之一，，具有坚实的理论积淀和发展前景，但鉴于它仍处于刚刚起步的发展阶段，需要我们对该制度进行宏观而又细致的分析才能有利于该制度向更广阔的领域延伸。在核能的和平利用方面，既有要求引入跨界环境影响评价的现实需要，又有可以引入该制度的法律基础。因此，全面分析跨界环境影响评价制度、在核安全领域中构建履行跨界环境影响评价程序的制度，能够实现理论价值和实践价值的统一。通过进行事前的信息沟通和预防措施的商讨，有利于防止核泄漏产生的跨界损害，加强国家与国家间的合作和交流，保障核能的安全利用，避免国际纠纷的产生。本文通过历史研究法，探寻了跨界环境影响评价的产生与发展。通过采用文本分析法，分析现有的跨界环境影响评价法律规范的不足和问题，为下一步进行完善做足铺垫。同时，文章主要运用了理论与实践相结合的方法，根据将跨界环境影响评价制度应用于核安全领域的必要性和可行性，提出构建核安全跨界环境影响评价的路径和方式，以在核安全中建立较为完善的跨界环境影响评价制度为目的，将其作为防止跨界核污染产生的重要手段。本文除引言外共分为四个部分，以构建核安全的跨界环境影响评价制度为拟解决的关键问题和目的。第一部分主要对跨界环境影响评价做了概括性的介绍，为应用于核安全法律制度奠定理论基础。本部分首先提出跨界环境影响评价的概念，然后分析了该制度存在的重要意义并回顾了跨界环境影响评价产生和发展的历史沿革。从中我们可以认识到该制度虽然是近几十年刚刚产生，尚未形成一项全球性的框架公约，但它的作用和价值在未来仍有一定的发展空间。随后该部分重点分析了跨界环境影响评价的理论基础，指明了指引该制度建立和发展的国际法原则，这些不同的国际法原则与跨界环境影响评价制度之间存在着密不可分、相互依赖的关系。国际法原则指引和推动了后者的产生和完善，后者又是对前者的具体体现和制度保障。最后介绍了跨界环评的发展、作用及其与国际法原则的关系对在核安全法律制度中构建跨界环评所起到的铺垫作用。第二部分首先分析了跨界环境影响评价在三个不同领域中的应用，并以具体的实例加以说明。除了国家之间已开展一些有益的跨界环境影响评价实践之外（以里海地区为例），在全球公域同样需要考虑建设项目对国家间共享区域及资源的不利环境影响，而且部分国际金融机构在实践中已然将跨界环境影响评价作为资金借贷的重要条件之一。其次，该部分对跨界环境影响评价在应用中面对的困境做了细致的梳理。从对专门规范跨界环境影响评价的《埃斯波公约》入手，发现跨界环境影响评价制度在条约中关于信息交流、公众参与等方面规定的不够全面和明确。在实际应用中更存在程序意义过大、操作性不强等问题。因此需要对该制度的相关内容加以完善。第三部分在前两部分铺垫的基础之上，将跨界环境影响评价集中于核安全领域的应用。核能利用中可能产生跨界损害的特点以及相关的法律规定呼唤该制度在核安全中的应用。通过对应用该制度必要性和可行性的分析，以及明确应用时面对的障碍，为下一步在该领域构建跨界环评制度打下坚实基础。第四部分首先重点分析了核安全领域应用跨界环境影响评价的路径。在扩大《埃斯波公约》加入国的方式直接应用于核安全领域还是在核安全中专门建立跨界环境影响评价制度的两种方式权衡中，建议以后者为构建途径。随后该部分详细讨论了构建方法，要在思想理念上加以丰富，求得对制度的认可；在内容上进行完善；还要发挥国际原子能机构以及国际金融机构的重要作用。最后立足于我国法律的实际情况，主张我国应推动核安全领域跨界环境影响评价的建立。
[Abstract]:In the international community, there are more and more environmental pollution and damage in the international community, and if nuclear leakage occurs in the process of nuclear energy utilization, the persistence of environmental factors, such as atmosphere, soil, and ocean, is often caused by the environmental impact of trans national boundaries with the biological cycle, and the ring outside the jurisdiction of other countries and countries. As one of the mechanisms of preventing cross-border environmental problems, the transboundary environmental impact assessment system, as one of the mechanisms for preventing cross-border environmental problems, has a solid theoretical accumulation and development prospects. However, in view of its still in its initial stage of development, it is necessary for us to carry out a macro and detailed analysis of the system in order to benefit the system to a wider range. In the peaceful use of nuclear energy, the peaceful use of nuclear energy requires both the demand for the introduction of the cross boundary environmental impact assessment and the legal basis for the introduction of the system. Therefore, a comprehensive analysis of the transboundary environmental impact assessment system and the establishment of a system for the implementation of the cross boundary environmental impact assessment procedures in the field of nuclear safety can achieve theoretical value and practice. Through consultation of information communication and preventive measures in advance, it is beneficial to prevent transboundary damage caused by nuclear leakage, strengthen cooperation and exchange between state and state, guarantee the safe use of nuclear energy and avoid the emergence of international disputes. Through historical research, this paper explores the production and development of the cross boundary environmental impact assessment. By using the text analysis method, this paper analyzes the shortcomings and problems of the existing legal norms of the existing cross boundary environmental impact assessment, and makes a full paving for the next step. At the same time, the article mainly uses the method of combining theory and practice, and puts forward the construction of the necessity and feasibility of applying the system of transboundary environmental impact assessment to the field of nuclear safety. The path and way of the nuclear safety cross boundary environmental impact assessment are aimed at establishing a more perfect cross boundary environmental impact assessment system in nuclear safety as an important means to prevent the production of transboundary nuclear pollution.
In addition to the introduction, this article is divided into four parts. The key issues and objectives are to build a transboundary environmental impact assessment system for nuclear safety.
The first part mainly introduces the cross boundary environmental impact assessment, and lays a theoretical foundation for the application of the legal system of nuclear safety. This part first puts forward the concept of the cross boundary environmental impact assessment, then analyzes the significance of the existence of the system and reviews the historical evolution of the emergence and development of the cross boundary environmental impact evaluation. We can realize that although the system has just come into being in recent decades and has not yet formed a global framework convention, its role and value still have a certain space for development in the future. Then the part focuses on the theoretical basis of the cross boundary environmental impact assessment, and points out the principles of international law that refer to the establishment and development of the system, There is an inseparable and interdependent relationship between different principles of international law and the system of cross boundary environmental impact assessment. The principles of international law guide and promote the production and improvement of the latter. The latter is the concrete embodiment and institutional guarantee of the former. Finally, the development of the cross boundary EIA is introduced, and the relationship between the international law and the principles of international law is also introduced. The nuclear safety law system plays a role in building the transboundary EIA.
The second part first analyzes the application of cross boundary environmental impact assessment in three different areas and illustrates with concrete examples. In addition to a number of useful transboundary environmental impact assessment practices (Caspian area as an example) between countries, the global commons need to consider the shared areas and resources among countries in the global commons. In practice, some international financial institutions have taken the cross boundary environmental impact assessment as one of the important conditions for capital lending. Secondly, this part of this part has made a detailed review of the difficulties faced in the application of the cross boundary environmental impact assessment. It is found that the system of cross boundary environmental impact assessment is not comprehensive and clear in terms of information exchange and public participation in the treaty. In practical application, there are many problems in the practical application, such as excessive procedural meaning and poor operability. Therefore, the relevant contents of the system need to be perfected.
The third part, on the basis of the first two parts, focuses on the application of the cross boundary environmental impact assessment in the field of nuclear safety. The characteristics of the possible generation of transboundary damage in the utilization of nuclear energy and the relevant legal provisions call for the application of the system in nuclear safety. The obstacles we face will lay a solid foundation for the next step in the construction of the EIA system in this field.
The fourth part focuses on the analysis of the path of the application of the cross boundary environmental impact assessment in the field of nuclear safety. In the expansion of the two ways to expand the application of the accede to the acceding country directly in the field of nuclear security or the establishment of a transboundary environmental impact assessment system in nuclear safety, the proposed approach is built. Then the part is detailed. The construction method is discussed in detail. It should be enriched in ideas and ideas, get the recognition of the system, improve the content, and play an important role in the International Atomic Energy Agency and international financial institutions. Finally, based on the actual situation of China's law, we should push the establishment of the cross boundary environmental impact assessment in the field of nuclear safety.
【学位授予单位】：中国海洋大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D999.2

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