文化财产返还的国际公约机制研究

发布时间：2018-08-03 07:13

【摘要】：文化财产是一个国家和民族身份的象征,也是一国传承其文化和传统的重要途径。然而,几个世纪以来,大量的文化财产因战争、殖民、非法运输等途径而流亡于原所属国之外,对于文化财产的保护也逐渐引起各国的重视。据我国文物学会统计,中国文物流失惊人,数以百万计,精品达几十万件,涉及数十个国家和地区。其中一部分是战争期间被劫掠的,其余很大一部分是近年来非法走私而流失海外的。为更好的保护流失海外的文化财产,我国加入或批准了一些有关文化财产返还的国际公约,并且根据自身的实际情况颁布和修订了相关国内立法,基本确立了文化财产保护和返还的基本法律框架。近年来,随着联合国教科文组织1970年的《关于禁止和防止非法进出口文化财产和非法转让其所有权的方法的公约》被越来越多的国家接受,国际上逐渐兴起了向文化财产所在国法院起诉,并要求有关机构或个人将经非法流转至法院地国的文化财产返还其来源国或所有国的诉讼风潮。不久前,我国一些民间机构和个人也曾远赴法国法院起诉试图追讨该文物,引起了广泛关注。无论是在现有的国际公约机制下的保护和返还,还是司法途径的追回,或者是民间自发追讨流失海外的文化财产,我们不得不承认,每种途径或方式都带有与生俱来的缺陷。尽管国际社会已经努力建立了保护和返还文化财产的国际公约机制,但是由于国际公约本身的特点,国际公约机制对文化财产的保护并不十分充分。因此,将国际公约国内化,即通过制定或修订国内法来实施国际公约,就成为很多国家的必然选择。此外,文化财产的保护和返还又涉及到私法上的问题,因为国家作为所有权人,追讨的途径除外交途径之外,还有诉讼途径,而诉讼途径就必然会涉及法律适用的问题。因此,本文不仅介绍和分析了当前文化财产保护和返还的国际公约机制,而且也阐述了其中所涉及的法律适用问题。本文第一章简要介绍了文化财产保护和返还的基本理论,简要介绍了保护文化财产的历史背景和文化财产返还的基本情况,并介绍了文化财产保护和返还的理论依据和几个主要的国际公约。与此同时,还阐述了文化财产保护和返还的基本法律关系,理清了各方在文化财产保护和返还中的角色和地位。第二章对主要国际公约机制进行了介绍,分别从文化财产的含义、公约的适用范围、公约的文化财产返还制度、文化财产的争议解决和公约的特别制度等五个方面逐一阐述了三个主要国际公约的基本内容,从而建立了文化财产保护与返还的基本框架。第三章介绍了返还财产的国际公约,主要是1970年UNESCO公约在与文化财产有关的主要国家的实施,包括美国、英国、日本和瑞士,并对其所涉及的法律问题进行了相关的评述和探讨。第四章在前面叙述和讨论的基础上,简要分析了三个国际公约所面临的问题。最后,第五章介绍和分析了我国现行的国内立法,阐述了我国保护文化财产的基本法律框架,并对跨境追索我国流失的文化财产提出了些许建议。
[Abstract]:Cultural property is a symbol of national and national identity. It is also an important way for a country to inherit its culture and tradition. However, for centuries, a large number of cultural property is exiled from the original state because of war, colonization and illegal transportation. The protection of cultural property has gradually aroused the attention of all countries. According to the Chinese Cultural Heritage Society Statistics show that there are millions of Chinese cultural relics, hundreds of thousands of products, hundreds of thousands of products, involving dozens of countries and regions. Some of them were robbed during the war, and the other large parts were lost abroad in recent years. In order to better protect the loss of overseas cultural property, China has joined or approved some related cultural wealth. The international conventions to return and return, and according to their own actual conditions, have promulgated and revised the relevant domestic legislation, and have basically established the basic legal framework for the protection and return of cultural property.
In recent years, as the UNESCO Convention on the prohibition and prevention of the illegal import, export and export of cultural property and the illegal transfer of its ownership is accepted by more and more countries in recent years, the international rise of a prosecution in the courts of the host country of cultural property and the request for the illegal circulation to the court will be required. The cultural property of the country has returned to the state of litigation in its country of origin or in all countries. Some folk institutions and individuals in our country have not long gone to the French courts to prosecute and try to recover the cultural relics, which has attracted wide attention.
Whether it is the protection and return of the existing international convention mechanism, or the recovery of the judicial path, or the spontaneous pursuit of the loss of cultural property from overseas, we have to admit that every way or way has its inherent defects. Although the international community has worked hard to establish an international convention for the protection and return of cultural property. However, because of the characteristics of the International Convention itself, the protection of cultural property is not fully protected by the international convention mechanism. Therefore, it is an inevitable choice for many countries to take the international convention into the International Convention by making or revising the domestic law. In addition, the protection and return of the cultural property involves the problems of private law. Because the state, as the owner of the property, has the way of recourse in addition to diplomatic means, there are also ways of litigation, and the way of litigation will inevitably involve the application of law.
Therefore, this article not only introduces and analyzes the international convention mechanism of the protection and return of cultural property, but also expounds the application of the law. The first chapter briefly introduces the basic theory of the protection and return of cultural property, briefly introduces the historical background of the protection of cultural property and the basic of the return of cultural property. It also introduces the theoretical basis for the protection and return of cultural property and several major international conventions. At the same time, it also expounds the basic legal relations of the protection and return of cultural property, and clarifies the role and status of all parties in the protection and return of cultural property. The second chapter introduces the main international convention mechanism, respectively. The meaning of the chemical property, the scope of the application of the Convention, the reversion of the cultural property of the Convention, the dispute settlement of the cultural property and the special system of the Convention, the basic contents of the three main international conventions are expounded one by one, and the basic framework for the protection and return of cultural property is established. The third chapter introduces the International Convention on the return of property. Mainly the implementation of the 1970 UNESCO convention in the main countries related to cultural property, including the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan and Switzerland, and the relevant comments and discussions on the legal issues involved. The fourth chapter briefly analyses the problems faced by the three international conventions on the basis of the previous narration and discussion. Finally, the fifth chapter This paper analyzes and analyzes the current domestic legislation in China, expounds the basic legal framework for the protection of cultural property in China, and puts forward some suggestions on the cross border recourse to the loss of cultural property in our country.
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D997

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