论我国国际私法对弱者权益之保护

发布时间：2018-08-16 18:56

【摘要】：当今社会的国际交流正在愈加频繁,涉外民商事法律关系也变得不断复杂,随之出现的不平等因素也逐渐增多。为了公平解决这些法律纠纷,必须对处于不利地位的当事方也即弱者进行保护,这也符合国际私法的主流价值取向。对我国国际私法弱者权益保护进行研究,首先应对弱者权益保护进行介绍,对其历史演进过程进行论述,对从其萌芽到确立再到现在将成为基本原则的趋势整个发展史进行研究,主要用历史分析方法对各个时期的立法和司法实践进行分析。重点在于对其存在的理论基础即必要性进行阐述,明确其存在的意义,在这部分运用案例分析方法,将案例和理论结合,使文章更有说服力。其次是弱者权益保护在我国国际私法中的体现,既有基本制度层面也有冲突规范层面,是本论文的主体部分,也是文章的重点研究所在。在国际私法立法的基本制度层面,笔者主要研究了国际私法涉及到的最密切联系原则、公共秩序保留等主要的原则制度与弱者权益保护之间的关系和它们对弱者权益保护的影响。在国际私法立法的具体冲突规则层面,分别从涉外合同、涉外侵权、涉外婚姻家庭三大领域进行了研究。最密切联系原则在一定程度上体现了弱者权益保护原则,而弱者权益保护原则又对最密切原则进行了完善,二者并不对立,而是相互补充;限制意思自治原则在国际社会立法中的体现有不同的形式,而不同的形式对弱者权益的保护程度和方法也有所不同;强制性规定的适用,使得国际私法对弱者权益的保护方式得到了有效的增加,使得弱者权益保护的调整手段更加多样化,也使得这种保护更直接更有力;公共秩序保留制度也在司法实践中起到了对弱者权益的保护,尽管它设立时并没有考虑这一点,因其存在特殊性,在应用时应注意相关问题以便更好地贯彻对弱者权益的保护,以符合国际私法的发展趋势。毋庸置疑的是,《法律适用法》的颁布是我国国际私法的里程碑,但我们也应该认识到其确实也存在缺陷。如弱者的确定标准模糊且范围狭窄、对弱者权益保护的有效方法略少、公共秩序保留的条文规定存在不足等;具体冲突规则层面的条文规定也有值得进一步商榷的地方。再次,在明确我国相关制度存在不足的事实基础上,笔者对国际社会中国际私法弱者权益的保护进行了借鉴性的分析研究,学习其先进之处。有利于立法模式越来越受欢迎,得到了国际社会的普遍肯定,这为国际私法上的弱者提供了更强大的保护;公共秩序保留的后续法律适用问题,考虑到给予弱者的保护,可以将法院地法作为备选之一。而在具体冲突规则层面,涉外消费合同、涉外劳动合同、产品责任、婚姻家庭等领域也有值得我国国际私法学习的地方。最后,通过对国际条约和国外立法的研究,运用归纳总结方法,结合国情,为我国国际私法弱者权益的保护提出合理化建议,不仅包括明确弱者确定标准并扩大弱者范围、有利于弱者的法作为系属公式、将弱者权益保护上升为基本原则、对公共秩序保留后法律适用连结点的增加等方面,还有具体条文适用规则的修改。
[Abstract]:In order to solve these legal disputes fairly, we must protect the disadvantaged parties, that is, the weak, which is also in line with the mainstream value orientation of private international law. To study the protection of the rights and interests of the weak in private international law, we should first introduce the protection of the rights and interests of the weak, discuss its historical evolution process, and study the whole development history of the trend that will become the basic principle from its germination to its establishment to the present, mainly using historical analysis methods to analyze the legislative and judicial practice of various periods. The point lies in expounding the theoretical basis of its existence, that is, the necessity, and the significance of its existence. In this part, case analysis method is used to combine case with theory to make the article more convincing. At the basic system level of private international law legislation, the author mainly studies the relationship between the most closely related principles of private international law, such as the reservation of public order and the protection of the rights and interests of the weak and their impact on the protection of the rights and interests of the weak. The principle of the closest relationship embodies the principle of the protection of the rights and interests of the weak to a certain extent, while the principle of the protection of the rights and interests of the weak has perfected the principle of the closest, the two are not opposed, but complementary to each other; Principles have different forms in the legislation of the international community, and different forms have different degrees and methods of protection of the rights and interests of the weak; the application of mandatory provisions makes the protection of the rights and interests of the weak in private international law has been effectively increased, making the protection of the rights and interests of the weak more diversified means of adjustment, but also makes this kind of protection. The protection is more direct and powerful; the reservation of public order system also plays a role in the protection of the rights and interests of the weak in judicial practice, although it was not taken into account when it was established, because of its particularity, it should pay attention to the relevant issues in the application so as to better implement the protection of the rights and interests of the weak, in line with the development trend of private international law. However, the enactment of the Law of Application of Law is a milestone in China's private international law, but we should also realize that there are some defects, such as the vague criteria for the determination of the weak and the narrow scope, the slight lack of effective methods for the protection of the rights and interests of the weak, the inadequacy of provisions on the reservation of public order, and the provisions on the level of specific conflict rules. Thirdly, on the basis of defining the shortcomings of China's relevant systems, the author makes a referential analysis of the protection of the rights and interests of the weak in private international law in the international community, and learns its advanced points. The weak in private international law provide more powerful protection; the follow-up law of public order reservation can be used as one of the alternatives, considering the protection given to the weak. In the specific conflict rules, foreign-related consumer contracts, foreign-related labor contracts, product liability, marriage and family and other fields are also worth our country's private international law. Finally, through the study of international treaties and foreign legislations, using the method of induction and summary, combined with China's national conditions, put forward rationalization proposals for the protection of the rights and interests of the weak in China's private international law, including not only defining the standards of the weak and expanding the scope of the weak, the law in favor of the weak as a family formula, the protection of the rights and interests of the weak will be upgraded to the protection of the rights and interests of the weak The basic principles, the increase of the connecting points of law application after the reservation of public order, and the amendment of the applicable rules of specific provisions.
【学位授予单位】：北京交通大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D997

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