转基因产品贸易争端的法律规制研究

发布时间：2018-09-06 08:36

【摘要】：转基因产品是人们通过使用基因增强技术、改变生物组织的基因从而获得的产品。受生物科学技术水平的限制，科学界还不能确定转基因产品潜在的风险，各国关于转基因产品的安全性存在激烈争论。不同国家基于各自的经济利益、历史背景、法律体制等因素，对转基因产品国际贸易采取不同的立法模式和管理方法，由此产生的转基因产品国际贸易法律冲突，常常引起转基因产品国际贸易的法律争端。美欧转基因农产品争端诉WTO案中,专家组和上诉机构倾向于以是否与WTO规则相一致来确定贸易措施的正当性，这使得转基因产品国际贸易中的法律争端受到人们更多关注。各国出于保护自身利益的目的，对转基因产品采取不同的管制措施，主要发达国家对于转基因产品贸易的法律规制大体可分为严格、宽松和折中三种类型，分别以欧盟、美国和日本为代表。在国际法上，转基因产品一方面受到世界贸易组织法律体系下SPS、GATT、TBT等协议的管制，另一方面也受到多边环境条约的规制。世界贸易组织法律体系和多边环境条约不仅基本原则迥异，具体规定也存在较大差异：前者对环境保护没有过多的规定；后者兼顾人类健康发展和生物科技发展的同时，对贸易的考虑不够；二者在风险评估、标识和预先防范原则等方面也存在较大差异。现阶段，，国际法上还不能断定WTO规则和MEAS协议在规制转基因产品贸易时孰为优先，不过，可以采取更多的吸收专家及国际法院的意见、事前解决、加强交流、建立固定的信息'交流渠道以及签署相关议定书的方式，兼顾各方利益以及不同方法各具的优势选择适用合适的解决办法。我国应借鉴国外先进的管理经验，既要考虑进行转基因产品国际贸易，又要在科学的基础上、结合国际法的发展完善我国转基因产品生物安全法律制度，促进转基因产品国际贸易在我国的有序发展。
[Abstract]:Transgenic products are obtained by using gene enhancement technology to change the genes of biological tissues. Limited by the level of biological science and technology, the scientific community has not been able to determine the potential risks of GM products, and there is a heated debate about the safety of GMOs in various countries. Different countries, based on their respective economic interests, historical background, legal system and other factors, adopt different legislative models and management methods for the international trade of genetically modified products, resulting in conflicts of laws in the international trade of genetically modified products. There is often a legal dispute over international trade in genetically modified products. In the American and European dispute over genetically modified Agricultural products v. WTO, panels and appellate bodies tend to determine the legitimacy of trade measures on the basis of whether or not they are consistent with the WTO rules, which makes legal disputes in international trade of genetically modified products receive more attention. For the purpose of protecting their own interests, various countries adopt different regulatory measures on GM products. The main developed countries' legal regulations on trade in GMOs can be roughly divided into three types: strict, loose and eclectic, with the EU, respectively. The United States and Japan are the representatives. In international law, genetically modified products are regulated by SPS,GATT,TBT and other agreements under the WTO legal system on the one hand, and by multilateral environmental treaties on the other. The legal system of the World Trade Organization and the multilateral environmental treaties not only differ greatly in their basic principles, but also in their specific provisions: the former does not have too many provisions on environmental protection, while the latter takes into account the healthy development of human beings and the development of biotechnology. Trade is not considered enough, and there are great differences between them in risk assessment, marking and precautionary principle. At this stage, international law cannot determine which of the WTO rules and the MEAS Agreement should be given priority in regulating trade in genetically modified products. However, more experts and the International Court of Justice can be taken to absorb the opinions of the experts and the International Court of Justice to resolve the matter beforehand and strengthen exchanges. Establish fixed channels of exchange of information and the signing of relevant protocols, taking into account the interests of all parties as well as the advantages of different methods to choose suitable solutions. Our country should draw lessons from the advanced management experience of foreign countries. We should not only consider the international trade of genetically modified products, but also improve the biosafety legal system of transgenic products in our country on the basis of science and the development of international law. To promote the orderly development of international trade in genetically modified products in China.
【学位授予单位】：中国海洋大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D996.1;D997.1

【参考文献】