政治犯不引渡原则下政治犯认定标准研究

发布时间：2018-10-29 13:04

【摘要】：政治犯不引渡原则是目前各个国家公认的国际法原则之一,作为引渡制度的例外,该原则在保障人权和尊重国家主权等方面发挥了积极的促进作用。然而,对于政治犯的认定,迄今为止国际社会尚未形成明确的标准。由此导致相关国家在处理政治犯的问题上存在诸多争议,很多涉及政治犯认定的案件都悬而未决。这类情形的存在不仅造成司法资源浪费,也有损于正义的实现,还致使相关人员的合法权益得不到保障,对请求国与被请求国之间的国家关系也产生不利影响。只有明确政治犯的认定标准,在互相尊重主权的前提下,各国达成共识,才能解决引渡过程中由于标准不明确而引发的各种问题。因此,研究政治犯的认定标准,对于解决理论分歧及处理争议性的引渡案件,具有理论和现实的双重意义。文章运用概念分析、比较研究以及实证分析的方法,对政治犯认定的理论标准及现实问题进行阐述。首先概括介绍政治犯不引渡原则产生发展的过程,并从理论与现实两个方面,分析了当前政治犯认定中存在的争议;然后从国际法角度阐述了政治犯认定的理论基点,即国家主权的受限性,人权冲突时权衡利弊的必要性以及避免干涉他国内政三个依据;在此基础上,对斯诺登、杨秀珠、热比娅三个热点人物的政治犯身份,进行了实证分析;最后,通过上述分析,论述并归纳得出明确的政治犯认定标准:主标准为结合犯罪人主观和客观两个方面判断,辅助标准为以列举形式明确排除政治犯的例外;并针对国内外关于政治犯争议的现状提出相关的解决对策。
[Abstract]:The principle of non-extradition of political prisoners is one of the universally recognized principles of international law in various countries at present. As an exception to the extradition system, the principle has played an active role in safeguarding human rights and respecting national sovereignty. So far, however, the international community has not established clear criteria for the identification of political prisoners. As a result, there is a lot of controversy over how to deal with political prisoners, and many cases involving political prisoners remain unresolved. The existence of this kind of situation not only causes the waste of judicial resources, but also impairs the realization of justice. It also causes the legal rights and interests of the relevant personnel not to be protected, and has a negative impact on the relationship between the requesting country and the requested State. Only by defining the standards of political prisoners and respecting each other's sovereignty, can all countries reach a consensus to solve the various problems caused by unclear standards in the process of extradition. Therefore, it is of both theoretical and practical significance to study the standards of political prisoners for resolving theoretical differences and handling controversial extradition cases. By using the methods of conceptual analysis, comparative study and empirical analysis, this paper expounds the theoretical standards and practical problems of political prisoners' identification. Firstly, it introduces the process of the development of the principle of non-extradition of political prisoners, and analyzes the disputes existing in the recognition of political prisoners from the two aspects of theory and reality. Then, from the angle of international law, this paper expounds the theoretical basis of political prisoners' recognition, that is, the limitation of state sovereignty, the necessity of weighing advantages and disadvantages in human rights conflicts, and the three bases of avoiding interference in the internal affairs of other countries. On this basis, the author makes an empirical analysis on the status of political prisoners of Snowden, Yang Xiuzhu and Kadeer. Finally, through the above analysis, the author discusses and concludes the clear criteria for the identification of political prisoners: the main criterion is to combine the subjective and objective judgment of the offender, and the auxiliary standard is to explicitly exclude the exception of political prisoners in the form of enumeration; At the same time, the author puts forward some countermeasures to solve the political prisoner dispute at home and abroad.
【学位授予单位】：沈阳工业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D998.2

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