北极海域油污防备法律问题研究

发布时间：2018-11-06 08:40

【摘要】：自北极通航以来,北极海域环境保护问题尤其是船舶油污问题越来越受到国际社会重视。在复杂而脆弱的北极海域环境面前,油污防备显得弥足重要。北极海域油污防备是针对航行于北极海域的船舶所排放的油类进行规制的活动。因北极海洋环境的特殊性,其具有不同于一般海域的油污防备要求。本文将分为五章,对北极海域油污防备的一些重要法律问题进行分析。第一章阐述了北极海域油污防备的理论基础。内容上首先界定了北极海域油污防备的定义,并比较了北极海域油污防备和一般海域油污防备、北极海域油污防止的异同,得出北极海域油污防备的特殊性,包括油污防备的困难性和严格性。其次分析了北极海域油污防备适用的法律原则。最后根据《极地规则》的制定以及相关国家的立法实践,论述了北极海域油污防备的发展趋势。第二章探讨了北极海域油污防备相关国家的管辖权问题。从管辖权的行使主体、类型和范围三个方面进行阐述,并在此基础上总结了北极海域油污防备相关国家管辖权现存的问题并提供了相关的解决路径。这些现存的问题包括:北极沿海国管辖过度、船旗国管辖不足和管辖权竞合;相应的解决途径是:制定"冰封区域"执行协定、加强国际海事组织的监督作用以及加强沟通机制。第三章论证了北极海域油污防备相关国家的义务的相关问题。文章首先分析了义务的来源,义务直接来源于国家基本权利。其次讨论了北极海域油污防备相关国家的义务的目的,目的在于保障国家权利的实现,这些国家权利包括但不限于油污防备管辖权。再者界定了北极海域油污防备相关国家义务的范畴,包括制定和执行油污防备法律法规、油污报告、建立油污防备系统以及油污防备国际合作。最后具体分析了相关国家在北极海域油污防备方面履行义务的方式。第四章介绍和分析了北极海域油污防备的国外立法及实践,包括主要的北极沿海国、港口国、船旗国和北极理事会的立法及实践,并总结了这些国外立法实践对我国的借鉴之处,主要包括船舶建造标准和船员配备要求、船舶油污应急计划制定和油污排放标准三个方面的借鉴。第五章围绕国外立法实践对我国借鉴以及北极海域油污防备发展趋势讨论了我国北极海域油污防备立法的现状和存在的问题,包括缺乏北极航行防油污操作法律法规、北极船舶油污应急计划不完善以及北极海域油污防备立法科研进展相对缓慢等问题,并提供了完善北极航行油污防备法律法规、完善船舶油污应急计划和国际合作加快立法科研进展等完善对策。
[Abstract]:Since Arctic navigation, the problem of environmental protection in Arctic area, especially the problem of ship oil pollution, has been paid more and more attention by the international community. In the face of the complex and fragile Arctic sea environment, oil pollution preparedness is important. Oil pollution preparedness in the Arctic is an activity to regulate the oil discharged by ships sailing in the Arctic. Because of the particularity of Arctic marine environment, it has different requirements of oil pollution preparedness. This paper will be divided into five chapters to analyze some important legal issues of oil pollution preparedness in Arctic waters. The first chapter describes the theoretical basis of oil pollution preparedness in Arctic waters. First of all, it defines the definition of oil pollution preparedness in the Arctic sea area, and compares the oil pollution preparedness in the Arctic sea area with the oil pollution preparedness in the general sea area, and the similarities and differences in the oil pollution prevention in the Arctic sea area. The particularity of the oil pollution preparedness in the Arctic sea area is obtained. Including the difficulty and rigour of oil pollution preparedness. Secondly, it analyzes the applicable legal principles of oil pollution prevention in Arctic area. Finally, according to the formulation of Polar rules and the legislative practice of relevant countries, the development trend of oil pollution preparedness in Arctic waters is discussed. The second chapter discusses the jurisdiction of the countries concerned with oil pollution preparedness in the Arctic. This paper expounds the main body, type and scope of the exercise of jurisdiction, and on this basis summarizes the existing problems of the relevant national jurisdiction over oil pollution preparedness in Arctic waters and provides the relevant solutions. These existing problems include: excessive jurisdiction of Arctic coastal States, inadequate jurisdiction of flag States and competing jurisdictions; The corresponding solutions are to make the implementation agreement of the "frozen area", to strengthen the supervisory role of the International Maritime Organization and to strengthen the communication mechanism. The third chapter demonstrates the relevant issues of the obligations of the countries concerned with oil pollution preparedness in Arctic waters. The article first analyzes the source of the obligation, which comes directly from the basic rights of the state. Secondly, the purpose of the obligation of the countries concerned in oil pollution preparedness in the Arctic is discussed. The purpose is to guarantee the realization of the national rights, which include, but are not limited to, the jurisdiction of oil pollution preparedness. Furthermore, it defines the scope of the national obligations related to oil pollution preparedness in the Arctic, including the formulation and implementation of oil pollution preparedness laws and regulations, oil pollution reporting, the establishment of oil pollution preparedness systems and international cooperation on oil pollution preparedness. Finally, the paper analyzes the ways that the countries concerned fulfill their obligations in the Arctic oil pollution preparedness. The fourth chapter introduces and analyzes the foreign legislation and practice of oil pollution preparedness in the Arctic, including the major Arctic coastal States, port States, flag States and Arctic Council legislation and practice. It also summarizes the reference of these foreign legislative practices to our country, mainly including ship construction standards and crew configuration requirements, ship oil pollution emergency plan formulation and oil pollution discharge standards for reference. The fifth chapter discusses the current situation and existing problems of oil pollution preparedness legislation in the Arctic sea area, including the lack of laws and regulations on anti-oil pollution operation in Arctic navigation, based on the reference of foreign legislative practice to our country and the development trend of oil pollution preparedness in Arctic waters. The Arctic ships' oil pollution contingency plan is not perfect and the research progress of the Arctic oil pollution preparedness legislation is relatively slow, and has provided for the perfection of the Arctic navigation oil pollution preparedness laws and regulations. Improve the ship oil pollution emergency plan and international cooperation to speed up the progress of legislative research and other perfect countermeasures.
【学位授予单位】：大连海事大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D996.9

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