免受酷刑权在欧洲的司法保护

发布时间：2018-11-28 16:26

【摘要】：自欧洲文明形成伊始,酷刑现象即随之滥觞,并且在欧洲长达数千年的历史中一直合理合法地存在着,从古希腊、古罗马时期到黑暗的中世纪,直至思想启蒙运动彻底动摇了其正当性基础。第二次世界大战之后,免受酷刑权在世界范围内最终得以定型。秉承《世界人权宣言》的人权保护理念精髓,《欧洲人权公约》第3条规定了免受酷刑和不人道的以及有损人格的待遇或惩罚的权利,并且在欧洲委员会层面建立起免受酷刑权的司法保护机制,将这一项权利在欧洲的区域保护付诸实践。欧洲层面免受酷刑权的司法保护,其基本模式为“当事人申诉→人权法院判决→涉案缔约国执行判决→部长委员会监督判决执行→免受酷刑权得到救济”的事后救济。欧洲人权法院和部长委员会是目前欧洲免受酷刑权司法保护的核心机构。欧洲人权法院通过诸多判例不断深化着免受酷刑权保护的深度和广度,并对相关问题进行法理诠释,这些问题包括酷刑、不人道的和有损人格的待遇或惩罚的内在界限、外在表现形式以及三者的关系等。根据欧洲人权法院的理解,在免受酷刑权的保护方面,《欧洲人权公约》的缔约国除了负有积极的保护义务之外,对于被诉案件还负有调查和解释义务。司法保护与非司法保护并行的双轨保护机制是欧洲免受酷刑权保护机制区别于他项人权区域保护机制的重要特征之一,经过几十年的磨合,二者的配合日臻默契。此外,欧洲人权法院对免受酷刑权超前与独到的司法诠释,也赢得了世界范围的赞誉。然而,在全球反恐的背景下,“定时炸弹困境”导致了“肮脏之手”理论不断挑战对免受酷刑权的绝对保护,部分态度强硬的缔约国对部长委员会也采取了消极不合作的态度。此外,欧洲人权法院对免受酷刑权过于宽泛的司法解释也导致了质疑之声的产生。对人的尊重和人权理念的发展是免受酷刑权司法保护不断前行的力量源泉和价值坐标。欧洲区域的保护经验,为全世界范围内免受酷刑权的司法保护树立了可供参考的制度标杆。
[Abstract]:From the beginning of the European civilization, the phenomenon of torture began, and it has existed legitimately throughout the history of Europe for thousands of years, from ancient Greece to ancient Rome to the dark Middle Ages. Until the ideological Enlightenment completely shaken its legitimate foundation. After World War II, the right to freedom from torture was finalized worldwide. Guided by the essence of the human rights protection philosophy of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights provides for the right to be free from torture and inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment, A judicial protection mechanism for the right to freedom from torture was established at the level of the Council of Europe, putting this right into practice in the regional protection of Europe. In Europe, the basic mode of judicial protection of the right to freedom from torture is the ex post relief of the right of the parties to appeal against torture and the right of the State party to enforce the judgment in case of execution of the judgment by the Committee of Ministers of the State Party involved in the case. The European Court of Human Rights and the Committee of Ministers are currently the core institutions for the judicial protection of the right to freedom from torture in Europe. The European Court of Human Rights, through numerous jurisprudence, has deepened the depth and breadth of the protection against torture and has provided legal interpretations of related issues, including the inherent limits of torture, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment, External forms of expression and the relationship between the three. According to the understanding of the European Court of Human Rights, States parties to the European Convention on Human Rights have an obligation to investigate and explain alleged cases, in addition to the positive obligation to protect them, with regard to the protection against torture. The two-track protection mechanism of judicial protection and non-judicial protection is one of the important characteristics of the protection mechanism of the right to freedom from torture in Europe, which is different from the regional protection mechanism of other human rights. After several decades of running in and out, the cooperation between the two is becoming more and more tacit. In addition, the European Court of Human Rights has won worldwide praise for its advanced and unique judicial interpretation of the right to be free from torture. However, in the context of global counter-terrorism, the "time bomb dilemma" has led to the theory of "dirty hands" constantly challenging the absolute protection of the right to freedom from torture, and some hard-line States parties have also taken a passive and uncooperative attitude towards the Ministerial Committee. In addition, the European Court of Human Rights's judicial interpretation of the right to freedom from torture has led to voices of challenge. The development of the concept of respect for human beings and human rights is the source of strength and value coordinate for the judicial protection against torture. The protection experience of the European region has set a system benchmark for the judicial protection of the right to freedom from torture worldwide.
【学位授予单位】：中国政法大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D998.2;D997.9

【参考文献】