TRIPS与公共健康医药专利强制许可制度的作用

发布时间：2018-12-29 20:40

【摘要】：本文重点阐述WTO的“与贸易有关的知识产权协定”（以下简称TRIPS协定）下的强制许可制度，分析如何缩小药品的专利保护和维护公共健康目标之间的分歧，如何有效实现TRIPS协议第7条：“知识产权的保护和执法应当有助于促进技术革新以及技术转让和转播，有助于技术的创造者和使用着的互利，并在一定程度上有助于社会和经济福利，以及有助于权利义务的平衡。”通过引入使用强制许可措施，帮助需要维护公共健康的成员方，有效地利用专利的强制许可降低药品价格，处理公共健康问题，以达到药品的专利保护和维护公共健康的平衡。以巴西为例，巴西是TRIPS协定成员方之一，通过强制许可的使用，成功地将专利药通过谈判实现降低其价格从而能够维护本国公共健康的国家。成员方国家应该认识到新药开发和保护知识产权的重要性，同时，维护公共健康也是成员方国家需要重点考虑。但是，成员方的发达国家是拥有大制药业企业，希望各国严格保护专利权人的利益并严格要求各国实施TRIPS专利保护的义务,而发展中国家希望最大限度地灵活运用TRIPS强制许可制度，让贫穷的国民获得价格能够承担的药品。目前，尽管发展中国家认为，TRIPS的强制许可条款不是非常明确，有不少争议之处，阻碍了有效执行，但是，TRIPS的强制许可制度已经被广泛用于药品领域。昂贵的专利药品对发展中国家贫困病人是没法得到的，发展中国家通过授予强制许可，批准仿制药公司生产昂贵专利药品的廉价仿制药品，从而实现贫困病人得到能够负担得起的药物。TRIPS的强制许可条款，是专利保护的例外，授予强制许可对专利药品保护构成一定威胁，也可能影响发达国家制药公司在这一领域的新药开发和巨额投资。TRIPS协定尝试，药品专利保护纳入专利持有者和使用者的共同利益，通过强制许可的有效利用，实现专利持有者和使用者的利益之间的平衡。本文旨在通过分析和探讨TRIPS协定中有关强制许可的规定，成员方可以通过强制许可的有效使用，实现专利持有人的利益和公共健康之间的平衡；成员方能够有效地使用强制许可，制订和执行解决公众健康的政策，这些政策作为成员方的法律，符合“TRIPS协定”的规定的义务。因此，医药专利强制许可制度的论述是本文的主要内容，，特别是针对成员方国家通过强制许可制度实现知识产权法律和公共卫生政策之间的平衡。
[Abstract]:This paper focuses on the compulsory licensing system under WTO's Agreement on Trade-Related aspects of intellectual property Rights (TRIPS Agreement), and analyzes how to narrow the gap between the patent protection of drugs and the goal of maintaining public health. How to effectively realize article 7 of the TRIPS Agreement: "the protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights shall contribute to the promotion of technological innovation and the transfer and transmission of technology, as well as to the mutual benefit of the creator and use of technology," And to a certain extent contribute to social and economic well-being, as well as to the balance of rights and obligations. " Through the introduction of compulsory licensing measures to help the members who need to maintain public health, effectively use the compulsory licensing of patents to reduce the price of drugs, deal with public health problems, in order to achieve the patent protection of drugs and maintain the balance of public health. Brazil, for example, is a member of the TRIPS agreement Fang Zhi, a country that, through compulsory licensing, has successfully negotiated lower prices for patented medicines to maintain its public health. Member countries should recognize the importance of developing new drugs and protecting intellectual property rights. However, the developed countries on the member side are big pharmaceutical enterprises. They hope that all countries will strictly protect the interests of patentees and strictly require all countries to implement the obligations of TRIPS patent protection. Developing countries want maximum flexibility in the use of the TRIPS compulsory licensing system to give poor citizens access to affordable medicines. At present, although developing countries believe that the mandatory license terms of TRIPS are not very clear, there are many controversies, which hinder the effective implementation, but the mandatory licensing system of TRIPS has been widely used in the field of medicine. Expensive patented drugs are not available to poor patients in developing countries, which grant mandatory permits to generics companies to produce cheap generic drugs for expensive patented drugs. The compulsory license clause of TRIPS is an exception to patent protection, and the granting of compulsory license poses a certain threat to the protection of patent drugs. It may also affect the development of new drugs and huge investments by pharmaceutical companies in developed countries in this field. The TRIPS agreement attempts to incorporate patent protection into the common interests of patent holders and users, through the effective use of compulsory licenses, Balance the interests of patent holders and users. The purpose of this paper is to analyze and discuss the provisions of compulsory license in TRIPS Agreement, so that members can balance the interests of patent holders and public health through the effective use of compulsory licenses. Members are able to effectively use compulsory licensing to formulate and implement policies to address public health, which, as a law of the member parties, comply with their obligations under the TRIPS Agreement. Therefore, the discussion of the compulsory licensing system of pharmaceutical patents is the main content of this paper, especially for the member countries to achieve the balance between intellectual property law and public health policy through compulsory licensing system.
【学位授予单位】：华东政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D997.1

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