洗钱罪中的没收制度研究

发布时间：2019-01-24 19:08

【摘要】：刑事犯罪领域中的没收是指将财产的一部分或者全部甚至是其展现出的各种形态均予强制无偿地收归国有的措施。根据我国刑法典,刑事犯罪领域的没收分为特别没收和一般没收,其中一般没收也称没收财产刑,是指将犯罪人合法拥有的的本人的财物的一部分或者全部收归国家所有,其没收的对象是犯罪人合法拥有的财产；但如果涉及到犯罪所得,违禁品、犯罪工具以及供犯罪所用的本人财物时,为了能够斩断犯罪的资金链条,贯彻不能从违法、犯罪中获得收益的原则,以达到惩罚与预防犯罪的效果,国家就必须启动对这些涉案财物及其可能变化的各种形态的追缴,这就是特别没收。刑事特别没收制度规定在我国刑法第六十四条,由于我国刑法典中对特别没收仅有这一个条文,且条文表述相当笼统,在实践中往往遇到许多无法解决的难题：刑事特别没收的性质是什么,预防还是惩罚?没收范围有多广,是实在、有形的财产本身还是包含了财产转换的各种形态?财产是否仅仅指动产和不动产等有形资产,无形资产利益又是否是本条没收的对象?如果在没收过程中涉及到第三人的利益如何保护,是否所有的第三人的财产均应当返还?第三人是否有过错对没收是否有影响?如果上述应被没收的财产被第三人善意购买,第三人是否能善意地取得对该财产的所有权?目前我国无论是刑法典还是物权法典对赃物的善意取得制度均没有一个定论。而且该条条文也缺乏关于国际合作共同打击刑事犯罪收益的规定,如何在我国建立起没收的国际合作机制也是我们亟待解决的问题。根据国际刑警组织的定义,洗钱是指旨在隐匿或者掩盖非法收益的来源以使其合法来源的任何行为或者行为企图,其上游犯罪的范围扩大到所有犯罪行为①,相比之下,我国洗钱犯罪的范围则小得多,仅仅局限于法定的7类犯罪行为,从实际上看,国际上的洗钱罪的洗钱罪涵盖了所有的犯罪行为等于我国的洗钱加上掩饰、隐瞒犯罪所得、犯罪所得收益罪。另一方面,国际反洗钱组织及国际公约对反洗钱的刑事没收包括在没收对象、善意第三人权利的保护、如何实现在未定罪之下进行没收、国际形式没收合作机制等均作了前面详细的规定,这些先进的规定不仅对我国打击反洗钱犯罪有所借鉴,还可以进一步扩大适用于洗钱犯罪之外的其他掩饰、隐瞒犯罪所得、犯罪所得收益的行为,因此,合理吸收、借鉴国际上的先进制度,不仅是我国履行国际公约的义务,同时也能更好地服务我国打击刑事犯罪的需要。本文试图对国际上反洗钱的先进制度及经验作粗浅的探讨,以期对我国刑事没收有所裨益。
[Abstract]:Confiscation in the field of criminal crime refers to the measures of compulsory and unpaid nationalization of some or all of the property or even the various forms it shows. According to the Criminal Code of China, confiscation in the field of criminal offences is divided into special confiscation and general confiscation, in which the general confiscation also refers to the confiscation of property, which refers to the transfer of part or all of the property lawfully owned by the offender to the state. The object of confiscation is the property legally owned by the offender; However, when it comes to proceeds of crime, contraband goods, criminal instrumentalities and personal property used for the purpose of committing a crime, in order to be able to cut off the chain of funds of the crime, the principle that no proceeds can be obtained from the violation of the law or the crime is carried out. In order to achieve the effect of punishment and crime prevention, the state must initiate the recovery of the property involved and its possible changes, which is called special confiscation. The criminal special confiscation system stipulates that it is stipulated in Article 64 of the Criminal Law of our country. Since there is only one article on special confiscation in the Criminal Code of our country, and the provisions are quite general. In practice, there are often many insurmountable problems: what is the nature of special criminal confiscation, prevention or punishment? How wide is the confiscation, in fact, the tangible property itself, or does it include various forms of property conversion? Does property refer only to tangible assets, such as movable property and immovable property, and is the interest of intangible assets the object of confiscation by this article? If the interests of third parties are protected in the course of confiscation, should all third party property be returned? Is the third party at fault having an impact on confiscation? If the above-mentioned property liable to forfeiture is purchased by a third person in good faith, can the third person acquire ownership of the property in good faith? At present, there is no conclusion about the bona fide acquisition of stolen goods in both the Criminal Code and the Real right Law Code in our country. The article also lacks the provisions on international cooperation to combat the proceeds of criminal crime, how to establish a confiscation of international cooperation mechanism in China is also a problem to be solved. According to the definition of Interpol, money laundering means any act or attempt to conceal or conceal the source of illicit proceeds in order to enable them to have a legal origin, the predicate offences of which are extended to all offences, 1 by contrast, The scope of the crime of money laundering in our country is much smaller, and it is limited to the seven kinds of criminal acts. In fact, the crime of money laundering in the international community covers all criminal acts equal to the laundering of money and the concealment of the proceeds of crime in our country. Crime of proceeds of crime On the other hand, the criminal confiscation of anti-money-laundering by international anti-money-laundering organizations and international conventions includes the object of confiscation, the protection of the rights of bona fide third parties, and how to achieve confiscation without conviction, The international forms of confiscation cooperation mechanism and so on have all made the preceding detailed stipulation, these advanced provisions not only have the reference to our country to combat the crime of anti-money laundering, but also can further expand the other cover-up which can be applied to the crime of money laundering and conceal the proceeds of the crime. Therefore, it is not only our country to fulfill the obligation of international convention, but also to serve the need of our country to crack down on criminal crime, to absorb the proceeds of crime reasonably and draw lessons from the advanced international system. This paper attempts to make a brief discussion on the international advanced system and experience of anti-money laundering in order to benefit our country's criminal confiscation.
【学位授予单位】：江西财经大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：D924.3;D997.9

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