国际货物运输中提单流转的风险防范研究

发布时间：2019-05-11 15:17

【摘要】：海运提单法律制度从产生到演变,到大规模的发展,经历了近二、三百年的时间。随着全球贸易的快速发展,提单所起到的作用也正在加大,关乎到国际民生的重要问题。在提单作用不断提高的同时,为调整有关于提单的法律关系,使提单相关各方的合法权益得到维护和平衡,鼓励全球经济发展和海运提单的使用和交易,方便国际物流运输,多数国家都以成文法或者判例法对海运提单进行了新的界定和标准的规范,这才促使单法律制度的完善和进一步规范。提单的流转意味着提单的流通性,提单的流转在于它在不同主体问的流动性,也就在于它的转让性,当然提单也一直被认为是可以转让的,有的国际贸易研究甚至认为,提单的实质就在于它的转让性。提单的流转性在国际贸易实务中的意义重大,不了解提单的可转让性就很难真正理解国际贸易的法律。提单流转可能产生多方面的问题。当然,提单是可以流转的,但是也不是所有的提单在什么样的条件下都可以随便转让的。只有在国际货物买卖中,法律双方在所有的法律要件齐备的情况下,不违法国际货物买卖的规则等前提下,提单就可以转让了。也就是说,当完全符合法律转让的条件下,转让的提单才能真正的发生所有权的转移,达到提单转让的效果。大多数关于提单的法律性质的讨论还没形成统一的理论,但是在一些点上国际货物买卖中的一些法律问题还是有些一致的地方。例如,在物权关系中,占有权凭证说和证券凭证说的地位逐渐提高,而且有取代所有权凭证说的趋势,现在也成为两种主流学说。在债权关系中,作为一种有独立性的法律关系,提单债权关系也得到了大家的广泛认可。在国际贸易发展的过程中,随着海运逐渐成为主流的运输方式,提单的作用也不段的加强。提单不在单单像提单刚产生时候的样子,仅仅作为船公司或承运人给货主或卖方的收据。而是成为国际贸易运输中约束提单所有人或持有人相对于承运人的一种权利义务关系。提单现在也成为一种船公司对货主的一种承诺,只要有人持有提单,就认为存在着给付货物的义务；或者说存在着债权债务的关系。这也是在近一个世纪的航海运输过程中产生的一种约定。在这样的发展中,提单的债权关系也是逐步发展确立的。所以说真正知道提单的法律性质,对我们关于提单流转的风险是有积极的作用的。
[Abstract]:The legal system of maritime bill of lading has gone through nearly two or three hundred years from emergence to evolution and large-scale development. With the rapid development of global trade, the role of bill of lading is also increasing, which is related to the important issues of international people's livelihood. While the role of bills of lading is increasing, in order to adjust the legal relationship between bills of lading, safeguard and balance the legitimate rights and interests of all parties concerned, encourage the development of the global economy and the use and transaction of bills of lading by sea, and facilitate international logistics and transport, Most countries have carried on the new definition and the standard norm to the maritime bill of lading with the statute law or the case law, this only then impels the single legal system consummation and the further norm. The circulation of bill of lading means the liquidity of bill of lading. The circulation of bill of lading lies in its liquidity in different subjects, that is, its transferability. Of course, bill of lading has always been considered transferable, and some international trade studies even think that, The essence of bill of lading lies in its transferability. The transferability of bill of lading is of great significance in international trade practice. It is difficult to really understand the law of international trade without knowing the transferability of bill of lading. The circulation of bills of lading may give rise to many problems. Of course, bills of lading can be transferred, but not all bills of lading can be transferred casually under what conditions. The bill of lading can be transferred only in the international sale of goods under the condition that all the legal elements are complete and the rules of international sale of goods are not violated. In other words, when the legal transfer conditions are fully met, the transferred bill of lading can really transfer ownership and achieve the effect of bill of lading transfer. Most of the discussions on the legal nature of bills of lading have not yet formed a unified theory, but some of the legal issues in the international trade of goods are still somewhat consistent in some ways. For example, in the relation of real right, the status of possession certificate theory and securities certificate theory has been gradually improved, and there is a tendency to replace the ownership certificate theory, and now it has become two mainstream theories. In the relationship of creditor's rights, as an independent legal relationship, the relationship of bill of lading claims has also been widely recognized by everyone. In the process of the development of international trade, with the gradual becoming the mainstream mode of transport by sea, the role of bill of lading is not strengthened. The bill of lading is not just as it was at the time of the bill of lading, but as a receipt from the shipping company or carrier to the consignor or seller. Instead, it becomes a kind of right and obligation relationship that restricts the owner or holder of bill of lading relative to the carrier in international trade and transportation. Bill of lading is now also a commitment of shipping companies to shippers, as long as someone holds a bill of lading, there is an obligation to pay the goods, or there is a debt-to-debt relationship. This is also a kind of agreement produced in the course of navigation and transportation for nearly a century. In this kind of development, the creditor's rights relationship of bill of lading is also gradually developed and established. Therefore, to really know the legal nature of the bill of lading has a positive effect on our risk of bill of lading circulation.
【学位授予单位】：辽宁大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D996.19

【相似文献】