公法视野下的传统渔民用海权研究

发布时间：2019-05-17 06:59

【摘要】：海洋是大自然赋予全人类的宝贵财富,是人类共有共享之“公共用物”。从最早有记录的历史起,人类就开始了探索海洋的冒险历程和开发海洋的文明征程,传统渔民是人类开发利用海洋的先驱,这一特殊群体沿海而居,以渔为生,在繁衍生息、世代更替的长期历史过程中逐渐形成了耕海牧渔的独特生活方式,其利用邻近海域谋生的“习惯性”或日“世袭性”权利得到了周围生活共同体的尊重、国际习惯法的承认和多数沿海国国内法及国家间双边协定的确认,但我国海洋与渔业相关立法对传统渔民用海权的规定过于模糊,也没有采取类似渔业权渔业的制度安排,对生计渔业和商业渔业作出区别性规定,致使传统渔民用海权处于一种“准法定权利”的尴尬状态。随着陆地资源、环境、人口问题的日益严峻,人类将发展的视野转向了浩瀚而脆弱的海洋,海洋资源的价值和稀缺性日渐显现。海洋具有资源多样性和功能多宜性等特征,资源多样性决定了海洋利用方式的多样化,功能多宜性则意味着各种用海权之间的并存可能。在物权法的范畴内,一物之上不能并存同种类的物权,但在海洋开发领域,在海洋这一特殊“公共用物”之上各种用海权利的交叉并存却属于常态。囿于法律地位的弱化和法律效力的模糊,传统渔民用海权在与海域使用权、土地使用权、商业性渔业用海权的冲突和公益征用、使用权、商业性渔业用海权的关系作了深入辨析；后三章可称为权利保障论,全面分析了传统渔民用海权的实践困境及其突围路径,深入探讨了与传统渔民用海权保障密切相关的行政补偿相关法律问题,并结合我国渔业生产实际,就传统渔民用海权的立法保障提出了切实可行的建议。第一章为“传统渔民用海权基本法律问题探析”,分别对渔业权、海域使用权、传统渔民及其用海权等概念进行了辨析归纳,在梳理传统渔民用海权发展脉络和评析现有学说的基础上,主要从公法学的视角,深入分析了传统渔民用海权的独立性、财产性、人身性和人权性特征,将其法律性质界定为基于生存需要的环境资源利用权,并就其类型、权利内容和法律效力等分别进行了论述。第二章为“传统渔民用海权与海域”,分别对“内水”、“领海”、“毗连区”、“专属经济区”、“大陆架”和“公海”等不同海域的产生演进、边界范围和法律性质进行了叙评,进而就传统渔民用海权在上述不同海域的存废、类型和特点进行了论述,特别是对专属经济区之传统渔民用海权的存在进行了证成。第三章为“传统渔民用海权与相关权利的冲突及解决”,结合相关案例,分别就传统渔民用海权与海域使用权的冲突、与土地使用权的纠纷、与商业性渔业用海权的混同进行了由表及里、由浅入深的分析,重点从制度层面探究冲突背后的深层次因素,在此基础上分别提出了具有针对性的冲突协调对策。第四章为“传统渔民用海权实践困境解析”,分别就传统渔民用海权行政征用困境、公益侵害困境、国家义务困境、海难救助困境等四种困境进行了细致分析,归纳了各种困境的外在表现,揭示了其内在原因,进而从立法、政策、执法、司法等不同角度就困境突围路径提出了建设性意见。第五章为“传统渔民用海权行政补偿法律问题探究”,在分析传统渔民用海权行政补偿的理论基础之后,对其基本原则和适用范围作了探讨论述,并从实践角度着眼,分别对传统渔民用海权行政补偿的标准、方式、程序、救济等问题作了深入探析。第六章为“传统渔民用海权法律制度建构”,系统梳理了与传统渔民用海权相关的立法现状,重点从概念界定、性质归属、权利流转、法律效力等方面就相关法条作了分析,在此基础上,结合我国渔业生产实际和传统渔民的生活状态,提出了加强传统渔民用海权保障的立法建议稿,并就立法建议的重要内容作了阐释说明。
[Abstract]:The sea is the precious wealth of nature to all mankind, and it is the shared "public goods" of mankind. From the earliest recorded history, mankind has begun to explore the adventure of the sea and to develop the civilization of the sea. The traditional fishermen are the forerunner of the exploitation and utilization of the ocean. During the long-term historical process of generation turnover, the unique way of life of the farming and animal husbandry is gradually formed, and the "habitual" or the daily "hereditary" right which is used to make a living in the adjacent sea area is respected by the surrounding living community, The recognition of customary international law and the recognition of the domestic and inter-State bilateral agreements of the majority of the coastal States, but the relevant legislation of the marine and fishery of our country is too vague to the provisions of the right of the traditional fishermen to use the sea power, nor does it adopt a system arrangement similar to the fishing right fishery, The mandatory provision of livelihood fisheries and commercial fisheries has led to the awkward position of traditional fishermen to use the right to sea in a quasi-legal right ". With the increasing severity of land resources, environment and population, the view of human development has turned to the vast and fragile ocean, and the value and scarcity of marine resources are becoming more and more evident. The ocean has the characteristics of resource diversity and function, the diversity of the resources determines the diversification of the way of utilization of the ocean, and the multi-function of the function means that the coexistence between the various uses of the sea power is possible. In the context of the property law, there is no co-existence of the same kind of real right above one object, but in the area of the development of the ocean, the cross-existence of various sea rights over the special "public goods" of the ocean is normal. In the light of the weakening of the legal status and the fuzziness of the legal effect, the traditional fishermen have an in-depth analysis of the relationship between the right to use of the sea area, the right to use the land, the right to use the sea power of the commercial fishery, the right to use the right and the commercial fishery, and the latter three chapters can be referred to as the right guarantee theory. The paper analyses the practical plight of the traditional fishermen's right to use the sea power and its surrounding path, and probes into the related legal problems of the administrative compensation which are closely related to the security of the traditional fishermen, and in combination with the actual production of the fishery production in our country, The practical suggestions are put forward on the legislative guarantee of the traditional fishermen's right to use the sea power. The first chapter makes an analysis of the basic legal issues of the sea power of the traditional fishermen, and analyzes the concepts such as the right of fishery, the use right of the sea area, the traditional fishermen and the use of the sea power, etc. The first chapter is on the basis of the development of the sea power of the traditional fishermen and the analysis of the existing theories, mainly from the perspective of the public law. In this paper, the independence, property, personal and human rights of the traditional fishermen's sea power are analyzed. The legal nature of the traditional fishermen is defined as the right of the environment resource utilization based on the survival needs, and the types, the rights and the legal effect are discussed respectively. The second chapter describes the evolution, boundary and legal nature of the different sea areas such as the inland water, the territorial sea, the contiguous area, the exclusive economic zone, the continental shelf and the high seas for the traditional fishermen's use of the sea power and the sea area. The types and characteristics of the exclusive economic zone are discussed, especially the existence of the sea power for the traditional fishermen in the exclusive economic zone. The third chapter is the "The Conflict and Solution of the Sea Power and the Rights of the Traditional Fishermen", in combination with the relevant cases, the conflicts between the right to use the sea power and the use right of the sea area, the dispute with the right to use the land, the blending of the sea power of the commercial fishery and the sea power of the commercial fishery are analyzed by the superficial and the deep, The focus of this paper is to explore the deep-seated factors behind the conflict from the system level, and then put forward the countermeasures of conflict coordination. The fourth chapter analyses the difficulties of the traditional fishermen's dilemma, such as the plight of the administrative expropriation of the sea power, the difficult situation of the public interest, the plight of the state's obligations, the difficulty in the rescue of the sea and the plight of the traditional fishermen. The different angles of law enforcement and the administration of justice put forward a constructive view on the path of the siege. The fifth chapter is the "A Study on the Legal Problems of the Traditional Fishermen's Administrative Compensation for Sea-power", after the analysis of the traditional fishermen's theoretical foundation of the administrative compensation of the sea power, the basic principles and the scope of application are discussed, and the standard, the way and the procedure of the traditional fishermen's administrative compensation for sea power are analyzed from the point of view of practice. The problems of relief and so on have been analyzed in depth. The sixth chapter is the "The Construction of the Legal System of the Sea-power of the Traditional Fishermen". The system has combed the current legislation status of the traditional fishermen's right to use the sea power, and analyzed the relevant laws from the aspects of the concept definition, the property ownership, the right circulation, the legal effect and so on. On this basis, In the light of the actual situation of the fishery production in our country and the traditional fishermen's living conditions, the legislative suggestions for strengthening the security of the traditional fishermen's rights to the sea are put forward, and the important contents of the legislative suggestions are explained.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D993.5

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