国际武装冲突中的平民保护研究

发布时间：2019-06-21 15:58

【摘要】：当今国际社会复杂多变,各种矛盾冲突不断,武装冲突几乎已经成为无法回避的现实。几乎从最早有战争规则开始,就将如何保护战争区的平民作为主要内容。战争法中最主要的区分原则就是要求在战争中必须要将经过武装训练的战斗员与手无寸铁的平民进行区分,丧失战斗能力的人与平民必须得到保护。尤其是第二次世界大战以来,随着人类文明的不断发展,国际上要求保护平民的呼声越来越强烈,保护平民免受战争灾难的国际人道主义法规也越来越完善,各国已经在保护平民这一问题上达成共识。尽管如此,作为政治的极端表现形式,战争和武装冲突往往带来灾难性的后果,尤其是随着现代战争的不断发展,使得平民已经成为战争中最主要的受害者,最大程度上承担着战争带来的苦难。大量平民伤亡和民用基础设施遭到毁坏已经成为现代战争的副产品;一些现实的原因也使得平民在遭到伤害以后难以及时得到积极有效的人道主义援助;甚至一些严重违反战争规则的行为(如蓄意伤害平民)也由于现存机制的缺失而可以免于责任,使得平民的人身权利更加难以得到保障。因此,本文认为,必须采取一种国家合作原则,由包括联合国、各种国际人道主义组织以及国家在内的国际社会共同努力,国家要将保护平民作为自己的义务自觉遵守,在国际社会中创造一种普遍遵守的氛围;对于严重违反国际人道主义法的犯罪行为,必须追觉犯罪者的个人刑事责任,国家也要承担一定的责任;同时借鉴国际人权保护的实施机制,完善对人道主义保护监督机制,等等。必须要采取一种更加积极有力的措施才能真正保护处在武装冲突地区的平民。
[Abstract]:Nowadays, the international community is complex and changeable, all kinds of contradictions and conflicts continue, armed conflicts have almost become an unavoidable reality. Almost from the earliest rules of war, how to protect civilians in war zones has been the main content. The most important principle of distinction in the law of war is that armed trained combatants must be distinguished from unarmed civilians in war, and those who are incapacitated from civilians must be protected. Especially since the second World War, with the continuous development of human civilization, the international call for the protection of civilians is becoming stronger and stronger, and the international humanitarian laws and regulations for the protection of civilians from war disasters are becoming more and more perfect. Countries have reached a consensus on the protection of civilians. Nevertheless, as an extreme form of politics, war and armed conflict often have disastrous consequences, especially with the continuous development of modern warfare, civilians have become the most important victims of war, to the greatest extent, bear the suffering caused by war. A large number of civilian casualties and the destruction of civilian infrastructure have become by-products of modern warfare; some realistic reasons have also made it difficult for civilians to receive active and effective humanitarian assistance in a timely manner after being injured; and even serious violations of the rules of war, such as deliberate harm to civilians, have been exempted from responsibility because of the lack of existing mechanisms, making it more difficult to guarantee the physical rights of civilians. Therefore, this paper holds that it is necessary to adopt a principle of national cooperation, with the joint efforts of the international community, including the United Nations, various international humanitarian organizations and States, and that States should consciously abide by the protection of civilians as their obligations and create an atmosphere of universal adherence in the international community. For serious violations of international humanitarian law, we must be aware of the individual criminal responsibility of the perpetrators, the state should also bear a certain responsibility; at the same time, draw lessons from the implementation mechanism of international human rights protection, improve the monitoring mechanism of humanitarian protection, and so on. A more active and forceful measure must be taken in order to truly protect civilians in areas of armed conflict.
【学位授予单位】：燕山大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D997.9

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