国际货物买卖合同默示条款研究

发布时间：2019-06-25 12:23

【摘要】：国际货物贸易较为复杂。单是一份确立买卖关系的合同就暗藏许多玄机。签订后的合同虽是当事人合意的产物,但其中可能存在默示条款,这就需要探究合同文字的内涵来推定当事人的真实意图。在解释合同时,如何解决默示条款问题一直困扰着法律人。英美法系的默示条款制度比较务实,值得借鉴。本文从默示条款理论入手,结合立法、司法和国际商务实践来分析国际货物买卖合同默示条款,在此基础上提出了自己对解决默示条款问题的构想。本文分为五个部分,共三万二千余字。第一部分“国际货物买卖合同默示条款的概念及其与合同条款的关系”。本部分强调合同中的默示条款是从已成立的合同中推定出来的当事人意图,具有非明示性、非对称性、多样性和国际性,对国际货物贸易有着双重影响。默示条款是政治、文化、经济与法律等因素综合作用的产物。此外,还探讨了默示条款与明示条款等其他合同条款的关系。第二部分“国际货物买卖合同默示条款的类型及其构成要件”。本部分依据不同的标准,划分了国际货物买卖合同默示条款的类型。最常见的分类是依据默示条款的来源而将之分为法定默示条款、事实默示条款和以交易习惯确立的默示条款,其构成要件和认定方法有所不同。第三部分“国际和各国国内立法中默认规则的比较分析”。本部分梳理了国际公约、各国立法中的默认规则。笔者列表比较了有关合同订立和合同形式、确认货物品质和价格及合同履行三大类默认规则的内容,这些规则能引导当事人正确地履行其义务。在诉讼中,又能引导裁决行为和诉讼行为。当事人违反这些默认规则,一般要承担违约责任,国际公约与各国法律对此规定有所不同。我国立法中事实上存在着默认规则,但仍需借鉴英美经验。第四部分“司法实践和商务实践中处理默示条款方法的比较分析”,本部分分析了适用默认规则的法理基础和法律依据,并比较了各国法院适用默认规则认定默示条款的模式。相比而言,大陆法系注重理论探讨,而英美法系更倾向于分析客观情况。我国法院适用默认规则的模式类似于法国法院,说理较为简略。此外,笔者还结合国际商务实践,讨论了我国涉外商务实践中处理默示条款方法的不足。第五部分“正确对待和处理默示条款的建议”。基于前面的分析,要解决默示条款难题,本文认为应采取如下措施:首先要借鉴英美法的相关理论,承认默示条款的概念并完善其理论。其次要在立法和司法解释中明确规定默认规则,使之更加适应国际贸易的发展。最后,贸易人还要增强国际商务意识,正确地处理相关问题,促进我国外贸事业和涉外法务事业的进步。
[Abstract]:International trade in goods is more complex. There are many mysteries hidden in a contract that establishes a relationship between sale and purchase. Although the contract after signing is the product of the consent of the parties, there may be implied clauses in it, which requires exploring the connotation of the contract text to infer the true intention of the parties. In the interpretation of the contract, how to solve the problem of implied terms has been perplexing the legal person. The implied clause system of Anglo-American law system is pragmatic and worthy of reference. Based on the theory of implied clause, combined with legislation, judicature and international business practice, this paper analyzes the implied clause of international contract for the sale of goods, and on this basis, puts forward his own idea of solving the problem of implied clause. This paper is divided into five parts, a total of more than 32000 words. The first part is the concept of implied clause in the contract for the sale of international goods and its relationship with the terms of the contract. This part emphasizes that the implied clause in the contract is the intention of the parties deduced from the established contract, which is non-explicit, asymmetrical, diverse and international, and has a dual impact on international trade in goods. Implied clause is the product of the comprehensive action of political, cultural, economic and legal factors. In addition, the relationship between implied terms and other contractual terms, such as express terms, is also discussed. The second part is the types and constituent elements of implied clauses in contracts for the sale of international goods. According to different standards, this part classifies the types of implied terms in the contract for the sale of international goods. The most common classification is that according to the source of implied clause, it is divided into legal implied clause, factual implied clause and implied clause established by trading habit, its constituent elements and identification methods are different. The third part is the comparative analysis of default rules in international and national legislation. This part combs the international conventions, the default rules in the national legislation. The author compares the contract conclusion and the contract form, confirms the quality and price of the goods and the contract performance three kinds of default rules, these rules can guide the parties to perform their obligations correctly. In the litigation, it can also guide the adjudication behavior and the litigation behavior. In violation of these default rules, the parties are generally liable for breach of contract, which is different from that of national laws. In fact, there are default rules in the legislation of our country, but we still need to draw lessons from the experience of Britain and the United States. The fourth part is a comparative analysis of the methods of dealing with implied clauses in judicial practice and commercial practice. This part analyzes the legal basis and legal basis for the application of default rules, and compares the modes in which courts in various countries apply default rules to identify implied clauses. In contrast, the civil law system pays attention to the theoretical discussion, while the common law system tends to analyze the objective situation. The mode of application of default rule in Chinese courts is similar to that of French courts, and the reasoning is relatively brief. In addition, based on the international business practice, the author discusses the shortcomings of dealing with implied clauses in the practice of foreign-related business in China. The fifth part is the suggestion to treat and deal with the implied clause correctly. Based on the previous analysis, in order to solve the problem of implied clause, this paper holds that the following measures should be taken: first of all, we should draw lessons from the relevant theories of Anglo-American law, recognize the concept of implied clause and perfect its theory. Secondly, the default rules should be clearly stipulated in legislative and judicial interpretation to make them more suitable for the development of international trade. Finally, traders should strengthen their awareness of international business, correctly deal with related problems, and promote the progress of China's foreign trade and foreign-related legal affairs.
【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D996.1;D997.1;D923.6

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