国际法上的权利冲突问题研究

  本文关键词：国际法上的权利冲突问题研究，由笔耕文化传播整理发布。

        权利冲突是法律领域内普遍而常见的现象，也是造成许多现实争端的根源。国内法理学界与民法学界对这一问题的关注由来已久，研究成果也较为丰厚，然而这一问题在国际法学界却尚未引起足够的重视。除了对国际法上个别的具体权利冲突有过论述以外，将这一问题作为一个普遍性的问题，进行系统化研究的文章尚未见及。本文的研究正是为了将权利冲突问题整体化地引入国际法学研究的视野，通过对冲突实例的列举证明权利冲突在国际法上的现实性，并通过实证分析与理论梳理归纳这一现象在国际法上产生的原因，在此基础上探求切实可行的解决途径。本文的研究尚处于探索阶段，所得成果也许还不能直接指导实践，但所涉及问题的重要性是不容忽视的。本文除导论和结论以外，主体部分共分四章。导论部分通过对“隆端寺案”的介绍引出本文所要研究的中心问题，即国际法上的权利冲突问题，并通过简要的分析说明这一问题的真实性与研究意义。之后围绕这一问题对现存的相关研究做以梳理，总结现存的研究角度，并提出本文研究内容的独特之处与意义。最后对论文的研究思路、结构安排以及研究方法进行简要说明。第一章为全文的理论基础，对文章所讨论的“国际法上的权利冲突”进行了界定。首先通过法理学的分析，将“权利”界定为一个原初概念，而将法律权利的要件概括为：权利主体、主体拥有或可要求的某种利益以及法律的承认和保护。然后根据权利的要件与国际法的具体情况对国际法上的权利作出了限定，并对主权与人权作为国际法上比较有代表性的权利进行了特别的说明。在这些基础上，文章进入对权利冲突的讨论。权利冲突是社会生活中真实存在的现象，它是不同主体所享有的被法律认可的权利之间相互矛盾、不和谐的状态，而国际法上的权利冲突就是被国际法所认可的权利之间的这种状态。在国际法学界受到较多关注的国际法上的规则冲突与制度冲突与权利冲突既有区别又有联系。第二章可以看作是全文论述的事实依据，选取了不同类型的权利冲突中比较有代表性的案例并进行了简要的分析，这其中包括：体现宗教自由权利冲突的案件；体现国家管辖豁免权与基本人权之间冲突的“德国诉意大利管辖豁免案”；体现民族自决权与国家领土主权之间冲突的“科索沃独立咨询意见案”；体现贸易权与环境权之间冲突的“海龟/海虾案”；体现健康权与知识产权冲突的三个案件。这些案例从国际法的不同领域揭示了国际法上权利冲突现象的普遍性，为对国际法上权利冲突问题的体系性分析打下基础，并提供实证。第三章分析了国际法上权利冲突问题产生的原因。这些原因包括权利本身的原因，比如由于权利的自因性，每项得到国际法认可的权利自然地拥有了正当性，而权利边界的模糊性使得正当行使的权利之间也会发生侵扰，权利的涉他性与排他性使得权利之间可能相互关涉并达到难以同时实现的矛盾程度。也包括有限的资源无法满足权利主体的需求的原因，比如资源的稀缺性使所有权利要求在客观上无法同时得到满足，，而主体需求的多元化导致的交叉与重叠又往往使权利的客体就集中在同一或有限的特定资源之上。国际法体系本身的原因也是造成国际法上权利冲突的重要因素。国际法的“碎片化”使得各专门领域之间对同种权利的保护不相适应，国际法的一般规则与这些专门领域内的规则之间也没有明确的适用关系，这些规则与制度的冲突为国际法上的权利冲突提供了产生的条件。而国际法“碎片化”的多种成因又直接或间接地导致了权利的冲突。比如国际法所固有的中央立法与司法机构的缺失、国内利益集团的博弈对国家决策的影响、国际法渊源的复杂与难以确定等。国际法的发展趋势中，“共存国际法”向“合作国际法”甚至是“人权国际法”的转变使得许多新的国际法律部门得以快速地成长，许多权利受到保护的程度相对从前得到了大幅的提高，这就向一些传统上受到国际法重视的权利提出了挑战；随着强行法规则的产生与“对一切义务”的出现等新的发展，国际法上逐渐出现了一定的等级价值，而当这些等级价值投射到具体的权利之中，与价值等级不相适应的权利保护程度就导致了冲突的产生；国际司法机构在扩散的同时却缺乏一定的协调与统一，这更使得权利具有了不确定性，从而加剧了冲突。第四章分析了解决国际法上权利冲突的基本理念与可能的途径。国际法上的权利冲突虽然由于一些客观情况而无法得到彻底的、普遍性的解决，但仍可能在个案上解决和在普遍意义上得以缓解。“人本主义”与“和谐世界”代表了国际法目前的发展趋势与对冲突解决的最高价值标准，可以将其作为解决国际法上权利冲突的基本理念，具体的解决方法都应秉承这样的理念而为。“立法”途径着力于权利边界的清晰化与对国际法律制度的调整，试图在逻辑层面缓解权利冲突。司法途径针对权利冲突的个案，通过对规则的解释与法官自由裁量的方式寻求对冲突的解决。在这些法律方式之中，都离不开对价值与利益的衡量，衡量的结果一方面有利于确定权利的位阶，使高位阶的权利优先于低位阶的权利得到保护；另一方面在无法区分位阶的权利之间可以根据利益平衡、保护弱者等原则来求得冲突的合理解决。法律之外的方法在解决国际法上的权利冲突上也有不少的用武之地。比如协商的方式可以有针对性地考虑到相关权利的历史与现实情况，并对冲突解决可能的结果有比较明确的认识，当事方之间自愿的安排更容易得到落实。有些涉及当事方重大利益的权利冲突，往往在司法裁判之后仍需要当事方的协商以确定权利的最终安排。另外，我们仍可以期待人类科技的进步能够使社会可供资源相对地增加，从而缓解资源的稀缺性带来的紧张状态。当然，由于权利本身的特性以及国际法的特殊性质，对于什么是理想的冲突解决方法很难判断，只能在实际中依具体情况去分析。

    Conflict of rights is common in law, and it is the cause of many disputes inreality. Scholars of jurisprudence and civil law have discussed a lot about this issue,and the research achievements are abundant. But the importance of this issue has notbeen recognized in international law as such. Except for several discussions on somespecific conflict of rights, there is no systematic research on this issue ininternational law as far as I could find. This dissertation is to introduce the conflictof rights as a general issue into the horizon of international legal research. Throughthe presentation of cases concerning the conflict of rights, the reality of the problemis proved. Feasible and effective solutions can be concluded based on empiricalanalysis and theory study. The research in this dissertation is still on an exploratorystage, and the outcome may not be ready for practical guidance, but the importanceof the topic should not be neglected.There are four chapters in this dissertation besides the introduction and theconclusion.In the introduction, with the summary of the Case Concerning the Temple ofPreah Vihear, the key issue is introduced as the conflict of rights in international law.Current theories and prospect relevant to this topic are examined, based on which thespecial point and the significance of this research are presented. The framework, thestructure arrangement and the research method are also introduced in this part.The first chapter elaborates the basic theory of the topic of this dissertation. Itdefines the conflict of rights in international law through the following process.Firstly, jurisprudence analysis is presented to figure out what “right” means. Thenthe elements of legal rights are concluded as subject of a right, some interest that are owned or may be requested by the subject and the recognition and protection of law.Then according to these elements, rights in international law are defined. As thetypical and special rights on this issue, sovereignty and human rights are elaborated.As follows, it discusses the theory about conflict of rights, and conflict of norms andinstitutions are also examined as relevant issues. Conflict of rights is real in sociallife, and in international law, it is defined as an inconsistent and disharmonious statebetween different subjects’ rights that are recognized in international law.The second chapter can be viewed as the factual basis of the dissertation.Different kinds of rights in conflict are selected out and analyzed to further prove thephenomenon. The cases represent the conflict between the rights of religiousfreedom, the conflict between the right of state immunity and fundamental humanrights, the conflict between the right of self-determination and the right of sovereignintegrity, the conflict between trading rights and environmental rights and theconflict between right to health and property rights. These cases suggest theuniversality of the conflict of rights in international law, and provide evidence for thesystematic analysis.Chapter Three discusses the causes of the conflict of rights in international law.The intrinsic features of rights come first. Every right recognized by internationallaw gets its own legitimacy for the self-causing attribute, and a vague boundarymakes it possible for a conflict between the legitimate rights. The other-involvingattribute and the exclusivity of rights drive the interference to an inconsistent extent.Facing the diversity and infinity of subjects’ demands, the resources our societycould provide are limited. And the systematic problems of international law itselfalso contribute to the generation of conflicts. The fragmentation of international lawcauses the different and inconsistent protection of a right among the differentdepartments of international law, and there is no explicit relationship between therules in general and the specific rules of international law. The conflict between rules and those between departments provide a condition for the emergence of conflict ofrights in international law. And the causes of fragmentation themselves lead to theconflict of rights directly or indirectly. For example, the missing of centrallegislature and judiciary, the influence of competing domestic interest groups onstates’ policy-making and the complexity and uncertainty of the sources ofinternational law are all playing a part. As a tendency, international law has grownfrom coexistence to cooperation and even to human rights oriented. Thistransformation booms many new departments, which enhance the protection of somerights, and in meanwhile, some traditionally highlighted rights are facing a challenge.With the emergence of jus cogens and obligations erga omnes, a hierarchy of valueshas gradually emerged in international law. When the protection of the rights can notmatch with the importance of the value they represent, conflict of rights may comeinto being. Furthermore, the proliferation of the international judiciary without duecoherence gives more uncertainty to the rights, which aggravates the conflict ofrights.The last chapter talks about how to solve this problem at the topic. Providedsome objective circumstances, conflict of rights in international law may not besolved completely and universally, but an individual resolution and a general reliefmay also help. Humanism and the idea of the harmonious world represent thedeveloping tendency and the highest value standard of the conflict resolution ininternational law. They must be borne in mind as the fundamental philosophy whensolving the conflict problems. The legislation approach alleviates the conflictlogically mainly in two ways: clarifying limits of rights and adjusting internationallegal regimes. The judicial approach aims at individual cases. The interpretation ofthe rules and the discretion of the judges are usually used in conflict solving injudicial process. Within these legal approaches, the measuring of values and interestsis always on board. In one hand, this measurement may recognize a hierarchy of rights, which can give priority to the right of higher grade in legislation and judicialprocess; in the other hand, when no hierarchy can be told, conflicts may also besolved by balancing interest and concerning for the underprivileged groups. Besidesthe legal approaches, negotiation and other non-legal methods may also be used. Toillustrate, negotiation can take the historical and current situation into consideration,and may lead to a result that all disputing parties are more willing to accept. Not tomention, some vital interests relating conflict can only be settled by the parties evenafter a judicial judgment. What’s more, technological developments can also becounted on to provide more resources or make more efficient use of the currentresources to ease up the tense that the limited resources brought in. However, takingthe complexity of conflicts and the inherent features of international law in account,which method is the best for the resolution of conflict of rights in international lawcan not be decided easily, and a case by case analysis may still be applied.

国际法上的权利冲突问题研究

摘要4-7Abstract7-10导论14-27    一、 问题的提出——从“隆端寺案”透视国际法上权利冲突的真实存在14-18    二、 文献述评18-25    三、 研究思路、结构安排和研究方法25-27第一章 国际法上权利冲突的界定27-52    第一节 国际法上的权利27-37        一、 权利的基本理论27-32        二、 国际法上权利的确定32-37    第二节 国际法上的权利冲突37-52        一、 权利冲突问题37-42        二、 国际法上的权利冲突42-52第二章 国际法上权利冲突的方式52-84    第一节 国际法上权利冲突的基本类型52-53    第二节 国际法上相同类型权利的冲突实例53-60        一、 国家主权权利之间的冲突53-54        二、 个人基本人权之间的冲突——宗教自由权利冲突案54-60    第三节 国际法上不同类型权利的冲突实例60-84        一、 国家管辖豁免权与基本人权之间的冲突——德国诉意大利管辖豁免案60-65        二、 民族自决权与国家领土主权之间的冲突——科索沃独立咨询意见案65-72        三、 贸易权与环境权之间的冲突——美国禁止进口虾及虾制品案72-75        四、 知识产权与健康权之间的冲突75-84第三章 国际法上权利冲突的成因84-116    第一节 权利本身的原因84-93        一、 权利边界的模糊性84-90        二、 权利属性的原因90-93    第二节 有限的资源无法满足主体的需求93-100        一、 资源的稀缺性93-96        二、 主体需求的交叉与重叠96-100    第三节 国际法体系的原因100-116        一、 从体系层面看待国际法101-103        二、 国际法体系“碎片化”的特点与权利冲突的产生103-106        三、 国际法体系现状的成因对权利冲突产生的影响106-116第四章 国际法上权利冲突的解决116-154    第一节 国际法上权利冲突解决的必要性与可能性116-117    第二节 解决国际法上权利冲突的基本理念117-122        一、 国际法的“人本主义”117-121        二、 “和谐世界”作为解决权利冲突的理念121-122    第三节 解决国际法上权利冲突可能的途径122-154        一、 法律途径124-149        二、 非法律途径149-154结论154-158参考文献158-167作者简介及攻读博士学位期间科研成果167-168后记168-169

  本文关键词：国际法上的权利冲突问题研究，由笔耕文化传播整理发布。